BACKGROUND Anaemia is a disease of low erythrocyte count and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration less than the normal range. The main causes of anaemia are a decrease in RBCs, their destruction and decrease of Hb synthesis. A useful method for diagnosis and classification of anaemias is based on the morphological appearance of RBCs on an ideal stained blood smear. The main terms used in such classification are normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic and macrocytic anaemia. In general, microcytic hypochromic anaemias are caused by reduced haemoglobin synthesis (most commonly because of iron deficiency), while macrocytic anaemias caused by reduced DNA synthesis that impair the maturation of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. Normocytic normochromic anaemias have diverse aetiologies; in some of these anaemias, specific abnormalities of red cell size and shape which is best appreciated through visual inspection of peripheral smears provide an important clue as to cause. METHODS Retrospectively and prospectively we evaluated the results of complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood picture (PBP) of all anaemic patients attending during the year 2018 (from 1st January to 31st December), in the Department of Pathology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (M.P.). RESULTS Out of a total of 500 patients, 220 were males and 280 were females. Results of CBC and PBP showed that 145 (29%), 275 (55%) and 80 (18%) of the patients had normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic and macrocytic pattern of anaemia respectively. CONCLUSIONS The microcytic hypochromic pattern of anaemia is highly frequent among this sample of patients while the macrocytic pattern of anaemia is the lowest. According to gender groups, microcytic hypochromic pattern of anaemia is more common among females; malnutrition, increase of blood loss due to pregnancy or menstruation, and lack of iron absorption are the main causes, while the normocytic normochromic anaemia is highly prevalent among males, which is mainly due to blood loss or chronic diseases.
Context: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 17p13 with germ line mutations that convey a high risk for breast cancer. P53 is antiproliferative, helps in angiogenesis and causes programmed cell death but due to genotoxic stress or mutation, P53 loses its function thereby causing abnormal cell growth. To study the expression of P53 a tumor suppressor gene and its clinicopathologica Aim: Settings And l correlation in breast cancer cases. Designs: Material and methods: A Cross Sectional Study (Retrospective and Prospective). 50 cases of breast tumors studied over the period of 18 months from January 2021 to June 2022. Samples were received and reported in Department of Pathology, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 50 cases of breast carcinoma were included in this Results: study predominated by inltrating ductal carcinoma (78%). High Immunohistochemistry expression of P53 was statistically signicant (p value <0.05) with age, tumor size, tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and ER receptor status whereas no correlation was found with stage of tumor. P53 functions as a negative regulator of cell Conclusion: growth. Breast cancer aggressiveness appears to be directly related to the percentage of p53 positive cancer cells and will help in determining prognosis.
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