The remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants from the aqueous environment has touched a certain level with the development of research. Environmental pollution is increasing day by day due to industrial activities which cause a negative effect on human health and the ecosystem. Nowadays, heavy metals have a special concern due to its toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in nature. Toxic metals like chromium, nickel, arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium are the main contaminants of water because they are non-biodegradable in nature. Nickel is also a toxic metal, mostly used in industries because of its anticorrosion behaviour. As a consequence nickel is present in the wastage of electroplating, tableware, metal finishing, plastics manufacturing, nickel-cadmium batteries, fertilizers and mining industries and these waste have dangerous impact on the human health and environment and causes the diseases i.e. diarrhea, anemia, hepatitis, kidney damage, gastrointestinal distress, skin dermatitis, and central nervous system dysfunction. In the present review article, several techniques are discussed for the treatment of nickel from the industrial environment. The elimination of nickel from wastewater is not important only for economic purposes but also for environmental safety.

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Business collaborations formed by construction contractors to enhance their abilities and effectiveness in large construction projects are known as construction joint ventures (CJVs). It is widely used as a way of merging assets, capitals, funds, resources and expertise of different organizations. It helps business to grow faster, increase efficiency and generate greater profits without borrowing money. Though it is useful and beneficent for the vendors, it may contain several types of risk. It is both beneficial and stimulating due to differing technical skills, economic and political atmospheres, and cultural and legal backgrounds. Recent development and modernization in Pakistan have led it towards a new construction phase, which involves national and multinational joint venture projects. Global and local CJVs have become gradually prevalent to produce mega construction projects. Current research aims to investigate and to identify the communal, ecological, political, legal, economic and other external risks associated with CJV projects in Pakistan. The study was carried out by literature review and a few national and international guidelines. Interviews were conducted with relevant professionals, experts, and owners of the organizations working on CJV projects. Data was collected in the form of a questionnaire from relevant professionals. The descriptive analysis was performed through SPSS using average index (A.I) technique. This study is helpful for the Government of Pakistan, public and private construction firms working under JV to reduce the emerging risks of construction projects.

Heavy metals contamination in environment is a global problem. Environment is polluted by different toxic metals due to industrial sources and anthropogenic activities. Variety of methodologies has been applied for the purification of waste water. Thus, article mainly focuses on the current developments and applicability of various wastewater treatment techniques, i.e., adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment and electrocoagulation. Also, development of new adsorbents especially selective adsorbent, i.e., ion imprinted polymeric materials for selective removal and pre-concentration of toxic Nickel (II) and Chromium (VI) ions has been discussed in detail.

Solid waste is a great threat not only to the economy of any country but for the environment too. The public through various sources generate tons of solid waste regularly. In the era of globalization, one of the rising issues of developing and under developed countries is handling such huge masses of solid waste. Hyderabad is the 2 nd largest city of Sindh and 6 th in Pakistan. Unfortunately, it does not poses proper solid waste management system right from collection up to its proper disposal. Most of those uncollected wastage poses a highrisk to the public through blockage of drains and formation of stagnant ponds which provide a breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes with a high risk of diseases. The public role and awareness can reduce this enormous load from Government. This research aims to uncover the reasons for solid waste generation in Hyderabad city. For data collection, various dumping sites in the city have been visited. Interviews were conducted with municipal officers of city for more precise data and possible causes of waste generation. Finally, a questionnaire survey has been conducted to list out top most significant causes of poor work management in the city. The data was analyzed in SPSS 24.0 with the help of average index technique. From the analysis of data, the top critical causes have been identified for Hyderabad city and discussed with the field expert for their possible solution.

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The optimized implantation of digital filters has remained one of the challenging tasks, for FPGA (FieldProgrammable Gate Array) based system designers, due to the involvement of very complex circuitry for multiplication. The multiplier consumes more recourse and hence results in less speed, being not the single step arithmetic operation. One way to carry out these implementations effectively is; to reduce the word length that will increase throughput in view of that. In a few decades, the SDM technique has broaden its domain of applications, from being used in analog to digital convertor to very complex DSP system design [4].The SSDM is a specific method to convert low-bandwidth signals into a digital data stream [5]. This is key element in developing single-bit processing algorithms [6].

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