Further information on publisher's website:http://www.dur.ac.uk/business/faculty/working-papers/ Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information:
Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Regulators are often reluctant to rely solely on economic incentives to achieve 6 environmental standards. We evaluate a "mixed approach" of economic instruments and 7 management standards when two environmental objectives need to be met simultaneously: 8 minimum river flow rates and reductions in nitrate pollution. We show how the relative 9 efficiency of such mixed approaches can depend on exogenous factors, in this case weather 10 conditions. Results indicate that mixed instruments outperform stand-alone economic 11 incentives or managerial controls under wet weather conditions, but not in 'average' years. 12
The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.
Several of the most pressing environmental problems involve transboundary issues and can only be solved through international cooperation. Hence, a successful policy response requires a good understanding of international environmental agreements-the primary tool for international cooperation. What motivates participation in environmental agreements, and how can it be increased? These questions have been addressed in economic research, mostly using game-theoretical approaches, in models that predict the optimal emission abatement and participation levels. Our survey focuses on a contiguous body of work: the empirical literature on environmental treaty participation. The scope of this paper is to compile the first detailed survey of the empirical literature on participation in environmental agreements, summarize its findings, and enable better comparison with theoretical predictions.
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