13The new decade of the 21 st century (2020) started with the emergence of novel 14 coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease in Wuhan, China. It is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe 16 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome 17 coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in humans. The source of origin, transmission to humans and 18 mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 are not clear yet, however, its 19 resemblance with SARS-CoV and several other bat coronaviruses was recently confirmed 20 through genome sequencing related studies. The development of therapeutic strategies is 21 necessary in order to prevent further epidemics and cure infected people. In this Review, we 22 summarize current information about the emergence, origin, diversity, and epidemiology of three 23 pathogenic coronaviruses with a specific focus on the current outbreak in Wuhan, China. 24 Furthermore, we discuss the clinical features and potential therapeutic options that may be 25 effective against SARS-CoV-2. 26

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ObjectiveBears are strong and agile wild animals that defend themselves, their young ones and their territory, if they feel threatened. Conflicts between humans and bears are common in bear-prevalent areas of the world. Our valley, which is surrounded all around by forests, is a habitat for black bears (U. thiabetanus) only. Maulings inflicted by these black bears are catastrophic events and such attacks have increased considerably in the recent past due to merciless deforestation. The rising incidences of such attacks, especially in maxillofacial region, have urged our department to undertake a study of such attacks and injuries.Materials and Methods:The present study is both a retrospective and prospective study of 200 patients of bear maulings who were admitted and treated in the Department of OMFS, Govt. Dental College, Srinagar, from January 2005 to October 2009.Results:Majority of the patients were from villages. Most of them belonged to fourth decade and majority was males. Black bears only were involved in all the encounters. Claws, paws and combination of both, were the used for attack. In majority of cases, no defense was used for the termination of attack. All the patients had soft tissue injury, deep lacerations, facial viscera, eyes, salivary glands and facial nerve commonly involved.

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