The presence of amoebocytes at the site of shell regeneration in gastropods has been observed by several workers. But opinions and observations differ as to the manner in which the amoebocytes participate in the repair process. Burning (1957) states that in Hcli.v aspcrsa amoebocytes appear along cracks in the regenerating membrane due to irritation and he dismisses them as unconnected to shell repair. McGee-Russell (1954) also noted in regenerating snails the presence of some cells in the extrapallial fluid that originated from mantle epithelium but he did not assign them any role in the repair process. Abolins-Krogis (1963, 1968 opines that during shell repair, amoebocytes transfer large amounts of repairing materials like proteins and calcium from the yellow body cells and digestive gland cells to the actual site of shell repair, liberate it there and withdraw from the site. But some of the cells become accidentally trapped within the calcifying plates of the shell. To complicate matters further, studies of Kapur and Gibson (1967) on the normal development of shell in Helisoina dnryi ciidiscus point to the appearance of amoebocytes on the ostracum of the shell in the juvenile snails and that later these form multinucleate organic plates. These have been suggested to be directly involved in the calcification of the adult shell.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assessment of Aegle marmelos fruits extract. The powder was evaluated for loss on drying, alcohol extractive value and aqueous extractive value. The petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extract were prepared by soxhlet extraction process. The phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed, and antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts against various strains was done. The loss on drying, alcohol and aqueous extractive values were 3.9%, 14.2% and 17.6%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, saponins, tannins phenols in ethanol extracts. The ethanol extracts demonstrated moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against S. epidermis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Thus in future, extract of Aegle marmelos may be beneficial for another several species of microbes.
Fungal fruiting bodies ignored in earlier palynological investigations of the Subathu and Dagshai Formations have been studied from sediments exposed in the Dadahu Jamtah area, Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh. Taxa belonging to the genera Notothyrites, Asterothyrites, Parmathyrites, Phragmothyriles and Microthyriacites have been identified. These fossils are comparable with taxa reported from many Early Tertiary assemblages from different parts of the country and indicate a warm and humid climate.
Aegle marmelos, a popular medicinal plant and is used in traditional medicine to treat numerous ailments. Aegle marmelos are reported to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. Its medicinal usage is well-documented in in different traditional medicine such as the Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and other conventional medical systems.
Palynological and paleontological investigations supported by the radiocarbon dates of the lacustrine sediments of two profiles from the temperate lake Saria Tal, in Nairn Tal District, Kumaun Himalaya, have revealed the presence of a concealed fold at the region. The profile from bore cores represents the upper part of the Late Holocene and the profile from exposed sections from the Middle Holocene to the over middle part of the Late Holocene. The data generated from different investigations have uniformly indicated that the former profile represents normal superposition, while the latter represents the reverse order. The contemporary pollen as well as moüuscan zones of both profiles are situated at different elevations but consist of similar bioremains – indicating continuation of the same strata in two profiles. The presence of reverse order of superposition, continuation of the same strata in two profiles at different elevations, and the orientation of biozones, have indicated that the revealed folding is of syncline type. The present study has also given an idea about the origin of this lake.
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