We found a higher propensity of NMO-related ON to affect more posterior parts of the optic nerve, including chiasm, and have simultaneous bilateral disease. Further study with larger sample sizes is needed.

These data suggest that one etiology of neurologic complications following cervical nerve blocks may be inadvertent intravascular injection of particulate steroids, as all animals injected with methylprednisolone had neurologic deficits while none of the controls injected with non-particulate steroids were affected. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that particulate steroids cause neurologic deficits and to suggest that use of non-particulate steroids might prevent such complications.

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The prevalence of ICH in PRES was 19.4% in our series. Both SAH and IPH can occur in association with PRES, typically in a location approximating that of parenchymal edema.

Spontaneous isolated convexity SAH is rarely caused by aneurysm rupture, has a distinct mode of presentation, and generally carries a more favorable prognosis than that of aneurysmal SAH.

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Purpose The positive association between low back pain and MRI evidence of vertebral endplate bone marrow lesions, often called Modic changes (MC), offers the exciting prospect of diagnosing a specific phenotype of chronic low back pain (LBP). However, imprecision in the reporting of MC has introduced substantial challenges, as variations in both imaging equipment and scanning parameters can impact conspicuity of MC. This review discusses key methodological factors that impact MC classification and recommends guidelines for more consistent MC reporting that will allow for better integration of research into this LBP phenotype. Methods Non-systematic literature review. ResultsThe high diagnostic specificity of MC classification for a painful level contributes to the significant association observed between MC and LBP, whereas low and variable sensitivity underlies the between-and within-study variability in observed associations. Poor sensitivity may be owing to the presence of other pain generators, to the limited MRI resolution, and to the imperfect reliability of MC classification, which lowers diagnostic sensitivity and thus influences the association between MC and LBP. Importantly, magnetic field strength and pulse sequence parameters also impact detection of MC. Advances in pulse sequences may improve reliability and prove valuable for quantifying lesion severity. Conclusions Comparison of MC data between studies can be problematic. Various methodological factors impact detection and classification of MC, and the lack of reporting guidelines hinders interpretation and comparison of findings. Thus, it is critical to adopt imaging and reporting standards that codify acceptable methodological criteria. Graphic abstractThese slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.Key points 1. Endplate bone marrow lesions, which are mainly identified using T1-and T2-weighted MRI ("Modic changes"), are the focus of a large and growing body of work. However, the specific methods for diagnosing these lesions can bias study findings. 2. The high diagnostic specificity of Modic classification for a painful level contributes to the significant association observed between Modic changes and LBP. Low and variable sensitivity underlies the between-and within-studies variability. Poor sensitivity may be owing to the presence of other pain generators, the limited MRI resolution, and the imperfect reliability of Modic classification. 3. Magnet strength and pulse sequence parameters can impact the detection of Modic changes. 4. Advanced pulse sequences may improve reliability and prove valuable for quantifying lesion severity. Fields AJ, Battié MC, Herzog RJ, Jarvik JG, Krug R, Link TM, Lotz JC, O'Neill CW, Sharma A; for the ISSLS Degenerative Spinal Phenotypes Group (2019) Measuring and reporting of vertebral endplate bone marrow lesions as seen on MRI (Modic changes); recommendations from the ISSLS Degenerative Spinal Phenotypes Group. Eur Spine J; SUGGESTED GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATION OF MODIC CHANGE DATA MR unit...