This study is aimed at utilizing brewery’s spent grain (BSG) byproduct for the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using acid hydrolysis and optimizing the hydrolysis parameters (hydrolysis time, temperature, liquid-solid ratio, and acid concentration). Alkali and bleaching treatment were done to remove hemicellulose and lignin from BSG. Optimization process was performed using central composite design (CCD) to obtain optimum value of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) yield. The maximum cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) yield of 43.24% was obtained at optimum hydrolysis conditions of 50°C, 51 wt% acid concentration, 41 min, and liquid-solid ratio of 19 ml/g. The raw brewery spent grain; alkali-treated fiber, bleached fiber, and obtained CNC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, particle analyzer, FTIR, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The characterization results indicated that the obtained cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has rod-like whisker shape with crystallinity of 76.3% and an average particle size of 309.4 nm.
The substantial fluorescence (FL) capabilities, exceptional photophysical qualities, and long-term colloidal stability of quantum dots (QDs) have aroused a lot of interest in recent years. QDs have strong and wide optical absorption, good chemical stability, quick transfer characteristics, and facile customization. Adding polymeric materials to QDs improves their effectiveness. QDs/polymer hybrids have implications in sensors, photonics, transistors, pharmaceutical transport, and other domains. There are a great number of review articles available online discussing the creation of CDs and their many uses. There are certain review papers that can be found online that describe the creation of composites as well as their many different uses. For QDs/polymer hybrids, the emission spectra were nearly equal to those of QDs, indicating that the optical characteristics of QDs were substantially preserved. They performed well as biochemical and biophysical detectors/sensors for a variety of targets because of their FL quenching efficacy. This article concludes by discussing the difficulties that still need to be overcome as well as the outlook for the future of QDs/polymer hybrids.
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