Co-registration This review is co-registered within both the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations. A version of this review can also be found in the Cochrane Library. Keywords Contributions Karlsen conceived of the idea and commissioned the review. All reviewers were involved in planning the review. Smedslund wrote the methods section of the protocol. Karlsen and Smedslund wrote the background. Hammerstrøm developed the search strategy, performed the original searches and the final search in November 2010. All authors were involved with screening of studies. Smedslund and Berg did the risk of bias and data extraction. Berg and Smedslund graded the results. Smedslund did the analyses and wrote the results and discussion. Support/Funding Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Norway Potential Conflicts of Interest None.

Co-registration This review is co-registered within both the Cochrane and CampbellCollaborations. A version of this review can also be found in the Cochrane Library. KeywordsContributions Karlsen conceived of the idea and commissioned the review. All reviewers were involved in planning the review. Smedslund wrote the methods section of the protocol. Karlsen and Smedslund wrote the background. Hammerstrøm developed the search strategy, performed the original searches and the final search in November 2010. All authors were involved with screening of studies. Smedslund and Berg did the risk of bias and data extraction. Berg and Smedslund graded Motivational interviewing for substance abuse (Review)

Co-registration This review is co-registered within both the Cochrane and CampbellCollaborations. A version of this review can also be found in the Cochrane Library. KeywordsContributions Dalsbo and Smedslund wrote the protocol. All reviewers independently screened literature, reviewed potential trials, and extracted data. Smedslund analysed the data. Smedslund wrote the text of the completed systematic review. Dalsbo coordinated and wrote the 2010 updated version. Steiro, Winsvold and Clench-Aas contributed by giving comments, assessing studies and acting as mediators if necessary. Responsibility for updating the review is jointly shared between Dalsbo and Smedslund.

Background: Early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (TFCBT) holds promise as a preventive intervention for people at risk of developing chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this review was to provide an updated evaluation of the effectiveness of early TFCBT on the prevention of PTSD in high risk populations.

Co-registration This review is co-registered within both the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations. A version of this review can also be found in the Cochrane Library. Keywords Contributions Karlsen conceived of the idea and commissioned the review. All reviewers were involved in planning the review. Smedslund wrote the methods section of the protocol. Karlsen and Smedslund wrote the background. Hammerstrøm developed the search strategy, performed the original searches and the final search in November 2010. All authors were involved with screening of studies. Smedslund and Berg did the risk of bias and data extraction. Berg and Smedslund graded the results. Smedslund did the analyses and wrote the results and discussion. Support/Funding Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Norway Potential Conflicts of Interest None.

Background: Welfare-to-work programmes have replaced passive welfare recipiency as a means of fighting poverty in many developed countries during the latest decades. There is a belief that placing welfare recipients into subsidised jobs and/or strengthening their skills and knowledge will help them acquire steady jobs. There has, however, been no systematic review of the effects of such programmes on employment, earnings and welfare payments searching systematically for studies from all parts of the world. Objectives: To estimate the effects of work programmes, including elements such as job search assistance, job search training, subsidised employment, job clubs, vocational training, etc. on welfare recipients. employment and economic self-sufficiency. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised trials, or cluster randomised trials of welfare-to-work programmes. Data collection and analysis: Studies were evaluated independently by two reviewers according to a data extraction form. The GRADE system was used for quality assessment. Outcomes on employment, earnings, welfare payments, and proportion on welfare were included in meta-analyses. Main results: Randomised controlled impact evaluations of welfare-to-work programmes came almost exclusively from the United States. A total of 46 programmes with more than 412.000 participants were included in this review. Overall, 60.9 percent of intervention participants were employed at the follow-ups. But 57.9 percent of control participants were also employed. For all four outcomes, there was significant heterogeneity which could not be sufficiently explained by moderator analysis. The GRADE quality assessment showed that for all four outcomes, the quality of evidence was very low. Authors' conclusions: Welfare-to-work programmes in the USA have shown small, but consistent effects in moving welfare recipients into work, increasing earnings, and lowering welfare payments. The results are not clear for reducing the proportion of recipients receiving welfare. Little is known about the impacts of welfare-to-work programmes outside of the USA.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is frequently used as treatment for men who physically abuse their female partner. Findings from a Campbell systematic review, however, reveal that there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions on its effect. This review included six randomized controlled trials from the USA involving a total of 2,343 participants. Abstract BackgroundIn national surveys, between 10% and 34% of women have reported being physically assaulted by an intimate male partner. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or programmes including elements of CBT are frequently used treatments for physically abusive men. Participants either enrol voluntarily or are obliged to participate by means of a court order. CBT not only seeks to change behaviour using established behavioural strategies, but also targets thinking patterns and beliefs. ObjectivesTo measure effectiveness of CBT and programmes including elements of CBT on men's physical abuse of their female partners. Search strategyWe searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2009), C2‐SPECTR (2006), MEDLINE (1950 to 1 January 2010), EMBASE (1980 to 2009 week 53), CINAHL (1982 to December 2009), PsycINFO (1806 to week 4, December 2009), ERIC (1966 to December 2009), Social Care Online, previously CareData (13 January 2010), Sociological Abstracts (1963 to December 2009), Criminal Justice Abstracts (2003), Bibliography of Nordic Criminology (13 January 2010), and SIGLE (2003). We also contacted field experts and the authors of included studies. Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for men who have physically abused their female partner and included a measure of the impact on violence. Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers independently assessed references for possible inclusion, extracted data using an online data extraction form and assessed the risk of bias in each included study. Where necessary, we contacted study authors for additional information. Main resultsSix trials, all from the USA, involving 2343 participants, were included. A meta‐analysis of four trials comparing CBT with a no‐intervention control (1771 participants) reported that the relative risk of violence was 0.86 (favouring the intervention group) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.54 to 1.38. This is a small effect size, and the width of the CI suggests no clear evidence for an effect. One study (Wisconsin Study) compared CBT with process‐psychodynamic group treatment and reported a relative risk of new violence of 1.07 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.68). Even though the process‐psychodynamic treatment did marginally better than CBT, this result is equivocal. Finally, one small study (N = 64) compared a combined CBT treatment for substance abuse and domestic violence (SADV) with a Twelve‐Step Facilitation (TSF) group. An analysis involving 58 participants investigated the effect on reduction in frequency of physical violence episodes. The effect size was 0.30 (favouring TSF) with 95% CI from ‐0.22 to 0.81. Aut...

No abstract