Our results suggest that increased levels of U-II may play a crucial role in the development of carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients.

An increase of VLDL apo CIII is a prominent feature of dyslipidemia in CRF patients, regardless of whether they are diabetic or nondiabetic, whereas an increase of VLDL apo CI is more specific to diabetic nephropathy and is closely associated with an increase of VLDL particle numbers, a new risk factor for CHD.

This study evaluated the efficacy of adding pioglitazone 30 mg to the therapy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose glycaemic control was poor on an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (alpha-GI) alone or in combination with a sulphonylurea (SU). The patients (n = 20) had a HbA(1c) level between 7.0 and 12.0% and the fasting plasma glucose was 7.8 mmol/l or higher. They were treated with 30 mg pioglitazone once daily for 16 weeks. The decrease in HbA(1c) at week 16 of treatment was 0.8% (7.8% at baseline dropping to 7.1% at week 16; p < or = 0.01). An increase in leptin was observed 4 weeks after starting the post-study period (p < or = 0.05). Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and body fat percentage did not show any significant alterations. Correlations between the decrease in HbA1c at week 16 and characteristic variables of patients were examined. A correlation with leptin (p = -0.5632, p < or = 0.05) levels was found. Five patients experienced adverse drug reactions, such as oedema, hypoglycaemia and increased creatine phosphokinase (CK), all of which were mild in severity. The addition of pioglitazone in diabetics whose glycaemic control was poor on a alpha-GI alone or with a alpha-GI and SU combination resulted in a significant decrease in HbA1c, and the treatment was well-tolerated. Our findings also suggest that leptin levels could be useful for assessing responders to pioglitazone.

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