Abstract:The uppermost leaf below the panicle is the flag leaf that provides the most important source of photosynthetic energy during reproduction and grain filling, thereby has great impact in panicle development and grain yield in rice. In the present investigation in order to explore the relationship between grain yield and flag leaf parameters, yield composition, length and width of the flag leaf, and panicle length were measured in some rice cultivars. Statistical analysis indicated that flag leaf length was positively correlated with panicle length for the studied cultivars demonstrating higher grain yield. Chlorophyll measurement indicated that flag leaf contained more chlorophyll than penultimate leaf. Yield of all the cultivars upon excision of flag leaf was also compared. Removal of flag leaf led to a decline in the seed-setting rate which eventually reduced the grain yield. Besides this, variable pollen viability was also noticed in the different cultivars.Keywords: Chlorophyll, flag leaf, panicle, pollen grain, yield. mvivsk: av ‡bi kx ‡li wb ‡Pi me© cÖ _g cvZvwU ‡K d¬ vM cvZv ejv nq hv av ‡bi `vbv cỸ© Zvi mgq mv ‡jvKms ‡k− l ‡Yi kw³ Drcv` ‡b gL¨ fwgKv cvjb K ‡i| av ‡bi kx ‡li MVb I av ‡bi dj ‡b d¬ vM cvZvi fwgKv Abb¨| GB M ‡elYvq av ‡bi djb I d¬ vM cvZvi ga¨Kvi m¤cK© †`Lvi Rb¨ wKQy av ‡bi Rv ‡Z dj ‡bi cÖ fveK, d¬ vM cvZvi ˆ`N© I cȪ' Ges av ‡bi kx ‡li ˆ` ‡N©i cwigvc Kiv nq| M ‡elYv djvd ‡j †`Lv hvq, mKj Rv ‡Zi † ¶ ‡ÎB d¬ vM cvZvi ˆ`N© I kx ‡li ˆ` ‡N©i m¤cK© abvZ¡ K| d¬ vM cvZv I Zvi wb ‡Pi cvZvi †K¬ v ‡ivwd ‡ji gvÎv cwigvc K ‡i †`Lv hvq Zy jbvgjKfv ‡e d¬ vM cvZvq †K¬ v ‡ivwd ‡ji cwigvY †ewk| wKQy av ‡bi d¬ vM cvZv †K ‡U w` ‡q Zvi djb cwigvc K ‡i d¬ vM cvZv bv KvUv av ‡bi Zy jbvq Kg cvIqv †M ‡Q| GQvovI av ‡bi wewfboe Rv ‡Zi † ¶ ‡Î civM ‡iYy i m ¶gZvq wfboe Zv cwijw ¶Z nq|

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Citrus sinensis is one of the most important Vitamin C containing fruit all over the world which is badly infected by brown rot disease (BRD). The present research work was designed to isolate and characterize the pathogenic fungus responsible for BRD of C. sinensis as well as evaluation of its antagonistic control measures. The causal agent of BRD was isolated and characterized using physiological, morphological and molecular methods. The pathogenic fungus was isolated from the skin of sweet orange. The isolated fungus was grown in different nutrients media, temperature, pH, sugar concentrations and different carbohydrates. The highest growth of the fungi was observed in 5% fructose containing PD broth media at 37 0 C, pH 7.5 and 0.05gm/L NaCl concentration. PCR amplification of the isolated fungal DNA by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region products showed approximately 650bp size of clear cut band. sequencing analysis showed that the amplified its region of the fungus (GenBank Submission# SUB5672073) has 99.80% similarities with the sequences of Pichia kudriavzevii isolate 11-577 its-1 partial sequence. In pathogenicity assay, artificially infected P. kudriavzevii fungus in lemon, malta and apple fruits showed a typical brown rot disease symptoms and the isolates showed similar size of 650bp clear band for PCR products. In antifungal activity assay, the methanol extracts of Allium sativum displayed highest 17.18±0.66 mm diameter zone of inhibition against the isolated fungus. Rhizobium leguminosarum and Alternaria spp. showed significant antagonistic effect in coculture with the isolated fungus. The present research work would be helpful to control the devastating brown rot disease of Citrus sinensis.

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