The application of response surface methodology in phenol red adsorption using kola nut shell activated carbon was studied. Chemical method of activation using zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) was used to prepare the carbon. The impregnated samples were kept in an oven at 383K for 24 hours. The dried samples were carbonized in muffle furnace for 1 hour at 773K. Some physical properties of the carbons such as surface area, pH, moisture content, ash content, bulk density were determined. Both the activated and non-activated carbons were characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the functional groups and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology of the carbon. Preliminary adsorption studies were carried out to determine the significance of the parameters in adsorption process. The parameters
Removal of lead from Enugu coal with different acids as the leachant under different conditions such as leaching time, particle size, acid concentration, and leachant volume was investigated in this studies. The filtrate from each treatment was analyzed with Atomic Absorption X-ray Spectrometer (AAS) to determine the amount of lead leached. Nitric acid was found to be the best acid for the leaching of lead from Enugu coal. Kinetic studies carried out showed that the dissolution rate increased with: decreasing particle size, increase in stirring speed, acid concentration and leaching temperature. The experimental results revealed that the dissolution rate is a chemical reaction controlled via hydrogen ion concentration [H+], with reaction order of 0.9 and the reaction kinetics can be expressed as 1-(1-X)1/3 =2.566x10-4(CHNO3)0.86 (dp).992 (L/S).44 (SS).049 exp(53.49/RT). A quadratic model was predicted and optimized using second order orthogonal design (Box-Benken) which resulted in Particle size of 40µm, reaction time of 8.5 hours, and HNO3 concentration of 2mol/dm3. The optimum conditions were validated at model desirability of 1. Experimental value of 96.39% with error of 0.530% was removed.
This work presents the results of sorption studies of orange G and phenol Red dyes onto palm kernel shell activated carbon (PKS-AC). The adsorbent was prepared by chemical activation using zinc chloride. The effect of various parameters such pH, initial ion concentration, contact time, temperature and adsorbent dosage has been investigated in the present study. The result showed that the percentage removal of dye was concentration dependent, decreasing with an increase in dye concentration. Isotherm modelling was investigated and Freundlich isotherm model fits the equilibrium data very well. The kinetic modelling showed that Pseudo-first orders kinetic model best described the kinetics of the adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The negative values of ∆G and ∆H indicate that adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic.
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