This study was conducted to comprehend the overall job satisfaction of non-PhD faculty in universities of Sindh. The study was based on (Herzberg’s, 1959) two factors, motivator (Advancement, Recognition) and Hygiene (Interpersonal, Policies, Compensation) of job satisfaction. A well-structured questionnaire based on (Castillo & Cano, 2004) job satisfaction index was applied to obtain required data from non-PhD faculty members of universities. 125 non PhD faculty members from various universities at a response rate of 83% participated in the survey. The 81% data was reliable for the analysis. The frequencies and cross tabs were calculated from the data. The majority of the respondents was male, graduate, below 30 years of age, married and had job experience of more than 5 years. The factor analysis was applied to find out the underlying variance among the variables. The analysis has found five new components of the job satisfaction. The results showed that overall job satisfaction among the non-PhD faculty members of universities was very low. The motivator and job satisfaction components have significant impact on the overall job satisfaction of the non-PhD faculty. Considering the results, the management of the universities is recommended to focus on the job motivators (Advancement, Recognition) hygiene (Interpersonal/Administration relationship, Policies, Compensation) of the non-PhD faculty for the improvement of job satisfaction and performance. The researchers and scholars may conduct further studies on the factors identified through factor analysis.
SMEs play a significant role in the Economic development of the many countries in the world. This research highlighted the role of Small and Medium Enterprises The main objective of current research is to examine the sustainable development through women participation in Small and medium enterprises in upper Sindh. The data were collected from 400 respondents from five Districts Dadu, Nawabshah, Shikarpur, Jacobabad and Kashmore district by using simple random technique. It was further revealed that the rural women is less confident and their husbands were always given them hard time once they are exposing themselves to outside the boundaries of the house. It was revealed the rural women is innovate designs of toppi (Sindhi Caps) as well as other SMEs products which are the only source of earning. They are also paid 70% less value of their products because of lack of marketing and other facilities. The biggest challenges which they were facing they were doing all business in house, lack of marketing facilities, Karo Kari criminal activities and they were deprived from the basic right
The study was intended to recognize and replicate the Yukl’s (1989-2004) behavioral taxonomies in the university settings in Sindh. A comprehensive questionnaire based on the items in taxonomies was developed, face validity of the questionnaire was test and found suitable. A total of 90 university Deans and head of Departments were randomly selected from public and private universities of Sindh. Categorical reliability of the data was checked and found highly reliable. The majority of the respondents were male, post graduate, above 50 years of age, married and had more than 15 years of experience. The statistical analysis describes the typical Sindhi culture among the respondents. A large number of university leadership focused on the relation as compared to task and change at the universities. This research also supports partial replication of three dimensions i.e., Relation, Task and Change as Yukl’s behavioral taxonomies with first order factor analysis. Relation factor was replicated completely, while other two were replicated in two different facets each i.e., Change was replicated in two facets – Improvement and Process and Task was also replicated in two facets – Improvement and Process. Making a second order factor analysis assured these two factors were replicated completely.
Worldwide trade plays a significant part in encouraging Pakistan's economic growth and development. For further enhancing the trade, the concerned quarters or authorities have dynamically grown the number of free trade agreements with its trading nations. However, there are various reasons for the surge of RTAs/FTAs worldwide. In this study, we estimated the trade efficiency of Pakistan's exports and imports and its determinants. The stochastic gravity model was used with data from 13 countries starting from 1981 till 2018. The results suggest Pakistan's trade is much below its true potential. The trade efficiency of exports contributed more as compared to the trade efficiency of imports. The average trade efficiency of exports stands at 36% which is still lower than the potential. This implies that Pakistan needs to explore new markets and develop value-added products to achieve 100% efficiency. The average efficiency of imports of 20% reflects a lower contribution of trade within SAARC countries and others. The study further explores that reducing trade barriers and may lead to an increase in trade efficiency.
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