We present a novel process to fabricate conductive patterns by a new copper precursor ink. In this method, an ink with copper formate, a self-reducible copper precursor, is printed, and subsequently heated under high pressure in a hot-press, which is commonly used in the printed circuit board industry. The heating leads to decomposition of the precursor, and results in copper patterns with good electrical conductivity. The application of pressure enables the formation of a dense copper film. 5-15 μm thick copper patterns were obtained on FR4 sheets with an equivalent specific resistivity as low as 5.3±0.3 μΩ cm, which is about three times the copper bulk resistivity. Unlike most methods for copper precursor inks, this ink and process do not require an inert environment, and can be performed with instrumentation already used in the industry. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of this method by printing functional radio frequency components; i.e. antennas for near field communication and Wi-Fi.
Fluorescent nanodiamonds have been used to a large extent in various biological systems due to their robust nature, their inert properties, and the relative ease of modifying their surface for attachment to different functional groups. Within a given batch, however, each nanodiamond is indistinguishable from its neighbors and, so far, one could only rely on fluorescence statistics for some global information about the ensemble. Here, we propose and measure the possibility of adding another layer of unique information, relying on the coupling between the strain in the nanodiamond and the spin degree-of-freedom in the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We show that the large variance in axial and transverse strain can be encoded to an individual radio frequency identity for a cluster of nanodiamonds. When using single nanodiamonds, this unique fingerprint can then be potentially tracked in real-time in, e.g., cells, as their size is compatible with metabolism intake. From a completely different aspect, in clusters of nanodiamonds, this can already serve as a platform for anti-counterfeiting measures.
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