Punicic acid (PA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:3 n-5), which is classified as a conjugated linolenic acid. PA is also referred as a "super CLnA" whose effect is even more potent than that of an ordinary CLnA. It is found mainly in the seeds of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) and Trichoxanthes kirilowii and some other minor sources. It possesses a wide array of biological properties including antidiabetic, antiobesity, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic activity against various forms of cancer. In spite of this, PA has not been explored as a nutraceutical or as an ingredient of food products which can be aimed at specific consumer target groups. This review details the various health-beneficial properties of PA and explores the possibilities of its utilization as an active ingredient in various food products.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel possess higher antioxidant activity than the edible portion. Efforts were made to extract dry peel powder at room temperature (28-30°C) using combination of water and ethanol (EtOH, a green combination) and standardize the factors that may affect the extraction efficiency. The storage stability of the extract has been studied for >100 days at room temperature (28-30°C), 4, 0 and −80°C. The extract quality was monitored by measuring the radical scavenging activity (RSA) by diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, total polyphenol content and by estimating the contents of punicalagins and ellagic acid, the two major ellagitannins present in the peel. The standardized conditions for extraction were found to be; Water and EtOH in 1:1 (v/v) ratio, duration of 24-48 h, ratio of 1:10 for solid to solvent and particle size in the range of 100-400 μ. Consecutive extraction of the peel powder did neither improve the yield nor polyphenol content, hence single extraction was adopted. The extract stored at room temperature for 110 days resulted in 13.2 % loss of polyphenol content followed by 8.9, 2.8, 27.5 and 14.1 % loss in Punicalgin A, B, Ellagic acid and RSA content, respectively.
In this manuscript, an attempt has been made to study the effect of particle size, time, and temperature on the extraction of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) with hexane. Pomegranate seed powder fraction (9XXX) provided the highest yield of PSO than others, yielding 39% (w/v) oil extracted at room temperature (28–30 °C, 8 hr). The composition of oil extracted with different methods has been determined with a primary focus on the content of punicic acid (PA). Hexane extracted 9XXX fraction was found to be the best solvent for the high PA in PSO extraction at 28–30 °C. FT‐IR showed that there are no unusual functional groups in the spectra in all extraction conditions. The method of principal component analysis (PCA) has been studied for individual fatty acids to the total variability of principal components. The mass transfer studies on extraction initially followed zero order rate up to 10 min, followed by first order rate transfer. Practical applications Pomegranate seeds are one of the major components of the marc. The pomegranate seed oil (PSO) is characterized by the presence of high concentration of punicic acid, which possesses various health beneficial properties, like antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer, etc. The studies carried out enable to fractionate pomegranate seed powder into one of the fractions which yields not only the high content of oil at room temperature but also high content of punicic acid.
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