Staphylococcus is an adaptable pathogen and leads to rapid development of antibiotic resistance. The major targets for antibiotics are (i) the cell wall, (ii) the ribosome and (iii) nucleic acids. Resistance can either develop intrinsically or extrinsically via horizontal gene transfer, drug site modification, and efflux pumps etc. This review focuses on development of resistance to currently used antibiotics in Staphylococcal infection, novel therapeutic approaches resistance pattern of antibiotics and also the future prospectus for new antibiotics usage.

The recent outbreak of the novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been made a serious global impact due to its high infectivity and severe symptoms. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) RNA extraction is considered as one of the most important steps in COVID-19 detection. Several commercially available kits and techniques are currently being used for specific extraction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. However, such methods are time consuming and expensive due to the requirement of trained labors, and several chemical reagents. To overcome the mentioned limitations, magnetic RNA adsorption methodology of glycine functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (GNPs) was established. It showed an efficient potential in SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction due to pH responsive nature of GNPs. The highly magnetic pH responsive GNPs were synthesized by one-pot co-precipitation method. Random morphology and average 20 nm size of GNPs were denoted by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) showed the crystalline magnetite nature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV–visible spectrometry confirmed the presence of glycine on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the magnetic nature and thermal properties of GNPs were examined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. In this study, glycine performed the role of RNA adsorbent. The adsorption of RNA onto the surface of GNPs was achieved in acidic medium (pH 6). In contrary, the elution of RNA from the surface of GNPs was achieved in basic medium (pH 8). The purity of obtained RNA was analyzed by UV–visible spectrometry. Further, the obtained RNA was examined for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific Envelope (E), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) and Nucleocapsid (N) genes using an RT-PCR analysis. It showed the sudden rise in amount of these genes after 25 cycles of RT-PCR and hence indicated the efficient RNA extraction by GNPs. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for validation of the quantity and quality of RNA extracted from SARS-CoV-2 patient’s sample. The reusability studies of GNPs were performed by monitoring the repeated use of GNPs for SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction. This method possesses potential role in the field of disease diagnosis. The extraction results of RNA from SARS-CoV-2 patient’s sample indicated that the GNPs have an outstanding property over the current existing extraction protocols. It leads to the new advancements in extraction and detection of RNA. Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract of the pH responsive SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction by using glycine functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (GNPs) which were prepared by modified cost effective one pot chemical synthesis method. Prepared GNPs were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and UV-Visible spectrometry, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Glycine present on the surface of nanoparticles (NPs) played an important role in pH r...

Background: Several Middle Ear Surgeries have been done under Local or General Anesthesia and it has many advantages. However, there is inability of the patients to tolerate noise of suction, manipulation of instruments, positioning of head-neck, pain etc. Monitored Anesthesia care is a planned procedure for 10-30% of all surgeries. MAC typically involves administration of local anaesthesia in combination with IV sedatives, anxiolytic and/or analgesic drugs which is a common practice during Tympanoplasty. Methodology: The present study was designed to compare α-2 agonist Dexmedetomidine with intravenous Pentazocine and Fentanyl. This study was approved by institutional ethical committee. 50 patients were registered in this study; patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups (group DF and group DP). Group DF and Group DP received IV Dexmedetomidine at a loading dose of 1mcg/kg over 10 minutes followed by continuous infusion 0.5 mcg/kg/hr till surgery was over. Degree of sedation and pain intensity was assessed by using Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) and Visual analogue scale (VAS). Rescue doses of Fentanyl and Pentazocine were administered and noted. P-value was used for statistical analysis. Results: Higher repeated doses of Pentazocine were required for group DP patients (6.25±4.573) as compared to Group DF participants injected with Fentanyl (6±8.287). Surgeon satisfaction score was more satisfactory in Group DF (Fentanyl) than Group DP (Pentazocine). Postoperative Visual Analogue Score (VAS) was higher in group DP (2.18±1.1.8) than group DF (0.593±0.2392). No post-operative complications were seen in both groups. Conclusion:We found that Dexmedetomidine-Fentanyl is a better combination in Tympanoplasty surgeries under monitored anesthesia care. It not only improves the intra-operative analgesia but also gives better post-operative analgesia.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogen causing infections in human ranging from mild to severe life-threatening conditions. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important nosocomial pathogen with high morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings. Total 600 nasal swabs were collected from patient visitors and Healthcare workers. Of these, 184 S.aureus (30.66%) were isolated. All S.aureus isolates screened for MRSA and 73 (39.67%) isolates showed MRSA by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and PCR. 21 (28.76%) isolates detected pvl gene of the 73 isolated MRSA i.e., CA-MRSA. All MRSA isolates were typed into SCCmec element (I to V). Of these SCCmec type III was found more prevalent than other SCCmec types and 3 isolates were not typeable. MRSA still remains a significant problem in public Healthcare settings. Screening of MRSA among Healthcare Workers and patient visitors is mandatory to prevent the spread of CA-MRSA in hospitals.

Background Isatin possesses various biological activities. Isatin inhibit virulence factors in C. albicans. Method Micro broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of Isatin against two strains of C. albicansATCC 90028 and GMC 3 clinical isolate. Biofilm was formed on 96 well polystyrene plates with different concentrations of Isatin (2 mg/ml to 0.062 mg/ml) and biofilm growth was quantified by using XTT-metabolic assay for both the strains. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe biofilm architecture. To study the effect of isatin on gene expression during biofilm formation qRT-PCR was used. Results: Isatin exhibited concentration dependent inhibition against planktonic growth, adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans in both the strains. It inhibited the growth significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.5 mg/ml (MIC50) in ATCC 90028. Isatin exhibited anti-biofilm activity (MIC50) at 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml against ATCC 90028 and GMC3 respectively. Isatin treated (0.5 mg/ml) cells showed about 47 % increase in G2/M phase and 4 % increase in cell number in S phase compared to control. Down regulation of genes involved in Ras-cAMP-MAPK and Cek1-MAPK pathway except Tec 1 was found after treatment with Isatin. Conclusion: The current study reveals that Isatin can be repositioned as an antifungal agent against C. albicanspathogenesis by confirming its potential by in vivo studies. It may represent a potential novel anti-virulence agent in C. albicans.