Maternal anemia, particularly the severe type, adversely affects cord blood and breast milk iron status. Maternal nutritional status exerts a significant influence on fetal iron status but has little influence on breast milk iron content.

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Pain on injection of two formulations of propofol was compared. A lipid-free formulation produced more pain on injection as compared with the emulsion containing medium-chain triglyceride.

Background: In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gall bladder extraction via different ports has always been a matter of concern for the surgeons. This study is designed so as to determine the difference in the rate of pain and infection in gall bladder extraction via umbilical and epigastric port.Methods: A prospective randomized study was done from January 2015 to December 2015 at S. N. Medical College, Agra in which 200 patients of cholelithiasis were considered. The patients were randomly selected in the operation theatre for gall bladder extraction via epigastric port (designated as Group-A with n = 100 patients) and gall bladder extraction via umbilical port (designated as Group-B with n = 100 patients).Results: Post-operative pain at 24 hours, in terms of VAS was 3.67±1.42 in Group-A while 2.47±1.17 in Group-B with 10 being the worst pain. The p-value was calculated as .000048. The result is significant at p< .05. A total of eight patients out of two hundred patients suffered port site infections amongst which five were from Group-A (5%) and three were from Group-B (3%).Conclusions: This study thus indicates that in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gall bladder retrieval through the umbilical port is a better alternative to gall bladder extraction via epigastric port in terms of post-operative pain and port site infection. Our study recommends gall bladder extraction via umbilical port rather than epigastric port.

Associated anomalies are common in neonates with ARM, the incidence being similar for HARM and LARM. The survival depends upon the number and severity of associated anomalies both in patients with LARM and HARM. Neonates with more number of organ systems involved have a poorer survival specially when associated with esophageal and cardiac anomalies. All neonates with ARM merit a meticulous search for associated anomalies so that the management can be tailored for each baby.

Respiratory distress due to either medical or surgical causes occurs commonly in neonates. It is the most common cause of admission to a neonatal surgical intensive care facility in a tertiary care hospital. The distress can be caused by a variety of clinical conditions; common conditions treated in medical intensive care units are transient tachypnea of the new born, respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary air leak and pneumothorax. In surgical causes of respiratory distress in neonates the underlying mechanisms include airway obstruction, pulmonary collapse or displacement and parenchymal disease or insufficiency; the common causes are congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, congenital lobar emphysema and esophageal atresia with or without tracheo-esophageal fistula. Obstructive lesions of the new born airway include choanal atresia, macroglossis, Pierre-Robin syndrome, lymphangioma, teratoma or other mediastinal masses, cysts, subglottic stenosis and laryngo tracheomalacia. Imaging plays a very major role in the pre-operative diagnosis of these conditions and proper pre-operative resuscitation helps in improving the results of surgery dramatically.

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