The main goal of the paper is to attempt a typology of karst lakes in the Połaniec Basin (Małopolska Upland). The typology was conducted on the basis of a dependence analysis of several essential morphometric parameters of lake basins. The considered data comprised 23 lakes with respect to 15 morphometric features. The correlation analysis, mainly of a group of lakes located in single karst sinkholes, revealed that the length and width of basins are strongly correlated. It is also noticeable that basin shape determines lake volume, even though pools of similar water volume may differ in area. Moreover, an increase in the maximum depth of basins does not necessarily imply any increase in volume. Likewise, there is no prevalent dependence between basin area and maximum depth. The cluster analysis, among reasonable indications, generally identified a division of the considered lakes into two sets. One of the sets comprises Duży Staw and Dziki Staw, while the other consists of all the other lakes. Less frequent divisions into three indicated Duży Staw, Dziki Staw, and Czwarty Staw as the leading lakes. Divisions into 19-22 clusters were also suggested, but this does not seem to be reliable. As a consequence, the cluster analysis showed that Duży Staw and Dziki Staw stand out the most from the other lakes. This remainder constitutes rather close to each other, but not an ideally uniform group of lakes.
The article compares the technologically recoverable reserves of shale gas as an unconventional resource of hydrocarbon raw materials in various countries of the world. An assessment is made of the use of horizontal well drilling in combination with hydraulic fracturing of the formation during shale gas production, characterized by the level of technology that allows the most efficient extraction of this resource in the US, Canada, China and Argentina. The article outlines perspectives for the development of shale gas in the near and distant future and shows the obstacles to the development of the oil shale industry in some countries. The basic geo-ecological problems in the development of shale gas: the contamination of surface water and soil, groundwater pollution, gas emissions, seismic risks. The ways of solving these problems are primarily through the use of new field development technologies, the implementation of integrated monitoring safety equipment, taking into account local and regional conditions and the condition of the geological environment.
The Mid-Poland Uplands Belt is a vast area characterized by the presence of carbonate and sulphate rocks. In some parts of this region karst forming and developing processes are dynamic in character. The studied area is the terrain around a historic church in a small village of Szydłów. The building is situated on a hill which is formed by Sarmatian detrital limestone undergoing karst processes. At the foot of the hill there is a number of small caves. Characteristic geological structure and land transformations that are present due to the karst processes prompted the authors to conduct a GPR survey. The aim of this study was to verify whether there is a continuation of caves in the area around the monument. An analysis was made to estimate the risk of damaging the historic building due to the ongoing karst processes. The authors obtained good quality results from GPR measurements. The results confirmed the existence of unknown voids and loosening in rock structure. On radargrams, the authors recorded stratum mapping which confirms the existence of gravitational loosening of the rock mass near the cave ceilings and walls. The results prove that the GPR is an appropriate instrument for mapping some of the karst structures and evaluation of the orogen stability.
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