Abstract. In this paper modelling of extended-range electric vehicle powertrain. The model consists of sub-models of the investigated vehicle with its resistance forces, traction electric motor, range extender supplied with alternative fuel, and Li-Ion battery. Working point parameters of the range extender engine were defined to achieve low liquefied petroleum gas consumption. The model allowed to study possible parameters of vehicle range extender and battery size. The results show the higher influence of range extender power than battery energy capacity on the vehicle range. The defined range extender and battery parameters allow to significantly extend the vehicle range with low fuel consumption. This research provided ground for the further investigation of range extender control strategies.
A range extender is an auxiliary power unit, usually consisting of an internal combustion engine and an electric generator, which is used to charge a battery of an electric vehicle in order to increase its range. This paper considers a range extender supplied with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The aim is to provide detailed data on thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and unit emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in a broad spectrum of range extender operating conditions defined by rotational speed and torque. The experimental investigation has been conducted using a laboratory test stand equipped with an energy dissipation system of adjustable resistance. Measurement results, including fuel flow rate, were processed using custom algorithm for generating maps, i.e., two-dimensional dependencies of the considered parameters on the rotational speed and torque. The maps obtained for LPG supply were compared with those for gasoline supply. The results demonstrated feasibility of LPG-supplied range extender. Its BSFC and thermal efficiency were at a comparable level to those obtained for gasoline supply, but with less CO 2 emission. The empirical data collected has been adopted in the simulation of extended-range electric vehicle in a driving cycle, showing the potential of utilizing the results of this study.Energies 2019, 12, 3528 2 of 23 ( Figure 1). Their principle of operation is same as that of a standard BEVs, with the only difference being that an additional ICE acts as an on-board generator (range extender) to recharge the battery [11]. EREVs operate exclusively as BEVs when battery energy is available and have full performance in electric mode (e.g., top speed, acceleration capability) [12]. This is possible owing to EREV's electric propulsion system and battery sized in such a way that the ICE is not required for vehicle operation as long as battery energy is available [12]. It is therefore preferable to move the vehicle with the use of an electric motor only, i.e., in "zero emission" driving mode, but at the same time, the user is not afraid of running out of battery energy, and so called "range anxiety" (the term was introduced in the late 1990s [13]) is alleviated.Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 being that an additional ICE acts as an on-board generator (range extender) to recharge the battery [11]. EREVs operate exclusively as BEVs when battery energy is available and have full performance in electric mode (e.g., top speed, acceleration capability) [12]. This is possible owing to EREV's electric propulsion system and battery sized in such a way that the ICE is not required for vehicle operation as long as battery energy is available [12]. It is therefore preferable to move the vehicle with the use of an electric motor only, i.e., in "zero emission" driving mode, but at the same time, the user is not afraid of running out of battery energy, and so called "range anxiety" (the term was introduced in the late 1990s [13]) is alleviated.
Abstract. The study of Li-ion battery based on laboratory tests was presented and analysed taking into consideration various aspects. The tests with different charging and discharging currents were carried out. Moreover, some additional tests with the use of temperature chamber were applied. The results derived from laboratory tests allowed to obtain the characteristics of the electromotive force of two types of Li-ion cylindrical cell batteries. Subsequently, the influence of temperature on battery useful capacity was analysed. Therefore, the characteristics of internal resistance for studied batteries were determined based on obtained results and according to battery non-linear modelling [1,2]. Finally, the possibilities for further development of the presented research have been considered.
Extended-Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs) are intended to improve the range of battery electric vehicles and thus eliminate drivers’ concerns about running out of energy before reaching the desired destination. This paper gives an insight into EREV’s performance operating according to the proposed control strategy over various driving cycles, including the Worldwide Harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle Class 3b (WLTC 3b), Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75), and China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (CLTC-P). Simulation runs were performed in Matlab-Simulink® for different cases of drive range, electricity mix, and vehicle mass. The control strategy goal was to aim at a specified value of battery state of charge at the targeted range value. The obtained test results included: pure electric drive range, acceleration times, EREV range tests, control strategy range errors, Range Extender (REX) utilization metric and distribution of its engagement instances, fuel consumption, total equivalent CO2 emission, powertrain efficiency, and specific energy consumption. The control strategy operated on average with a range error of −1.04% and a range mean square error of 2.13%. Fuel consumption (in range extension mode) varied between 1.37 dm3/100 km (FTP-75) and 6.85 dm3/100 km (WLTC 3b Extra-High 3). CO2eq emission was 95.3–244.2 g/km for Poland, 31.0–160.5 g/km for EU-27, and 1.2–147.6 g/km for Sweden. This paper is a valuable source of information for scientists and engineers seeking to learn the advantages and shortcomings of EREV drives with a proposed control strategy, based on various sets of results.
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