Single-atom catalysts are becoming
a hot research topic owing to
their unique characteristics of maximum specific activity and atomic
utilization. Herein, atomically dispersed Co on a N-doped carbon matrix
with an enzyme-like M–N
x
structure has been developed as a bifunctional biosensor
to detect hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dopamine
(DA). It features 100% atomic utilization, high electrochemical activity
and selectivity, and strong stability in various pH environments.
The abundance of Co-N
x
sites can be increased
via regulating calcination temperature, and as a result, the sensing
performance is significantly improved. This platform could selectively
catalyze the oxidation of DA and the reduction of H2O2 at different holding potentials. The optimal Co-N-C-800 affords
high sensitivity (H2O2: 943.9 μA mM–1 cm–2 and DA: 979.6 μA mM–1 cm–2), low detection limit (H2O2: 0.13 μM and DA: 0.04 μM), high
selectivity, and robust stability. At the same time, H2O2 and DA released by PC12 can be detected, which proved
the feasibility of the enzyme-like single-atomic materials in electrochemical
biosensing.
This paper investigates the robust direct yaw-moment control (DYC) through parameter-dependent fuzzy sliding mode control (SMC) approach for all-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicles (AWID-EVs) subject to network-induced delays. AWID-EVs have obvious advantages in terms of DYC over the traditional centralized-drive vehicles. However it is one of the most principal issues for AWID-EVs to ensure the robustness of DYC. Furthermore, the network-induced delays would also reduce control performance of DYC and even deteriorate the EV system. To ensure robustness of DYC and deal with network-induced delays, a parameter-dependent fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) method based on the real-time information of vehicle states and delays is proposed in this paper. The results of cosimulations with Simulink® and CarSim® demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Moreover, the results of comparison with a conventional FSMC controller illustrate the strength of explicitly dealing with network-induced delays.
All-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicles (AWID-EVs) have considerable advantages in terms of energy optimization, drivability and driving safety due to the remarkable actuation flexibility of electric motors. However, in their current implementations, various real-time data in the vehicle control system are exchanged via a controller area network (CAN), which causes network congestion and network-induced delays. These problems could lead to systemic instability and make the system integration difficult. The goal of this paper is to provide a design methodology that can cope with all these challenges for the lateral motion control of AWID-EVs. Firstly, a continuous-time model of an AWID-EV is derived. Then an expression for determining upper and lower bounds on the delays caused by CAN is presented and with which a discrete-time model of the closed-loop CAN system is derived. An expression on the bandwidth utilization is introduced as well. Thirdly, a co-design based scheme combining a period-dependent linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and a dynamic period scheduler is designed for the resulting model and the stability criterion is also derived. The results of simulations and hard-in-loop (HIL) experiments show that the proposed methodology can effectively guarantee the stability of the vehicle lateral motion control while obviously declining the network congestion.
This paper deals with the speed synchronization control of integrated motor-transmission (IMT) powertrain systems in pure electric vehicles (EVs) over a controller area network (CAN) subject to both network-induced delays and network congestion. A CAN has advantages over point-to-point communication; however, it imposes network-induced delays and network congestion into the control system, which can deteriorate the shifting quality and make system integration difficult. This paper presents a co-design scheme combining active period scheduling and discrete-time slip mode control (SMC) to deal with both network-induced delays and network congestion of the CAN, which improves the speed synchronization control for high shifting quality and prevents network congestion for the system's integration. The results of simulations and hardware-in-loop experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which can ensure satisfactory speed synchronization performance while significantly reducing the network's utilization.
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