An effect of factors determining water quality in the water supply network in Kraków is assessed. The data collected over a four-year research period included quality parameters of water taken from the water distribution system in the period between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2014. In the analysis the supply zones of four municipal water treatment plants in Krakow were considered. The selection of 29 water sampling points within the supply area allowed comparing water quality with respect to operational and technological aspects. Factor analysis enabled 4 components explaining correlations between tap water quality variables to be distinguished. It follows from the research performed that the obtained factors applied to 77% of overall water variability. The highest share was assigned to factor 1 that explained 32% of the chemical composition of water under consideration and was correlated with calcium, conductance, nitrates (V), magnesium and to a moderate extent with ∑ THM (with negative sign).
WSTĘPZaopatrzenie ludzi w wodę przydatną do spożycia to przedsięwzięcie na ogromną skalę, które obecnie jest realizowane przez zakłady uzdatniania wody i system wodociągowy. Na poziom zanieczyszczenia ujmowanych wód wpływają czynniki pochodzenia naturalnego i antropogenicznego, co w znaczny sposób wymusza konieczność wdrażania nowych niekonwencjonalnych i wysoko efektywnych procesów oczyszczania. Dlatego przedsiębiorstwa wodociągowe muszą stanąć na wysokości zadania uwzględniając w swojej pracy kwestie dotyczące: źródła poboru wody, sposobu ujmowania i uzdatniania, stanu sanitarnego zbiorników magazynujących wodę, sieci wodociągo-wej, przyłączy i instalacji wewnętrznych.W wodach powierzchniowych ujmowanych przez zakłady wodociągowe znajdują się rozpuszczone sole, zawiesiny, koloidy, organizmy żywe, a także związki organiczne pochodzenia naturalnego oraz antropogenicznego [Kowal i in. 1996]. Na pogarszającą się jakość wody powierzchniowej mają wpływ zmiany użytkowania terenu, niedostateczne oczyszczanie ścieków przemysło-wych i bytowych, intensyfikacja produkcji rolnej, przemysł energetyczny, transport oraz przemysł chemiczny, rolno-spożywczy i metalowy. FACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY BEFORE TREATMENT ABSTRACTThe article assesses the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the quality of surface water grasped by Krakow's water treatment plants. We analyzed the indicators chosen in the physicochemical marked in the raw water in the years 2007-2014. The study shows that the water prior to treatment differed in the number and share of separate factors. These components, in turn, explained 63% to 71% of analyzed chemical composition of water.
Abstract. Data used in order to determine the level of pollutants present in the air in Krakow came from three air quality monitoring stations located in Bulwarowa street, Bujaka street and Krasińskiego avenue. Based on these data, an analysis was performed concerning air quality in Krakow in 2010-2016. Also, a correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relation between air quality parameters and meteorological parameters, such as: wind, precipitation, temperature. An analysis of the results obtained showed that two factors are critical for the variability of air pollution in Krakow. The first of them is low-stack emissions from coal stoves and boilers. The other factor is the type of atmospheric circulation. It has been determined that the worst air quality occurs in the heating season as the prevailing circulation is anticyclonic (high-pressure) characterised by low temperature, lack or small amount of precipitation, weak wind and thermal inversion. The paper presents preventive measures aimed at reducing the amount of pollutants in Krakow. It has been found that in order to reduce the level of air pollution in Krakow, especially in the heating season, it is necessary to intensify operations aimed at eliminating coal and wood stoves and boilers.
The article assesses the effects of use of ultraviolet radiation and electrolytically generated sodium hypochlorite on the quality of drinking water produced at “Raba” plant of the Municipal Water and Sewerage Company in Cracow as well as in the water supply network. The analysis included selected microbiological indicators, total organic carbon, water chlorination products from the group of trihalomethanes and free chlorine. The research conducted indicated that disinfectant change caused quantitative changes in THMs and free chlorine in water supplied to the water supply network. After an upgrade of the chlorination plant in 2014, an increase in water disinfection by-products at most of the tested points of the water supply network was observed. A sudden decrease in free chlorine in the distribution system was also observed in that period, whereas a bacteriological water analysis confirmed the effectiveness of use of the new water disinfection technology.
In the paper, the authors focused on the environmental problems of pollution emissions caused by households using batch boilers fired with solid fuels. The aim of this study is to analyse the course of changes in the actual efficiency and emission of a solid fuel updraft boiler, the most popular type of batch boilers used in Poland in recent years. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the values of atmospheric emissions of harmful substances depending on the type of wood burnt in the boiler. The investigation comprises the combustion characteristics of three types of woody biomass (in billets), i.e., pine, birch, and beech. Based on the carried out research of all billets, the beech has the lowest values of CO (3497 mg/m3) and particulate matter (116.9 mg/m3). Despite this, obtained results exceed the current permissible limits based on the standard PN:EN 303-5:2012. The highest efficiency (54.13%) was obtained for birch billets, the lowest for pine (45.13%). The research has shown that the real heating efficiency during the combustion of wood, irrespective of the type of wood being burnt, is low. To summarise, the outdated installations contribute to air pollution several times higher, which indicates the need to replace inefficient heat sources using solid fuels with modern equipment that meets the most stringent standards.
This paper specifies the effect of using strong oxidants in water treatment technologies on the formation of disinfection by-products. The study was developed by collecting water samples from four water treatment plants of the Municipal Water and Sewerage Company (MPWiK) in Krakow and at selected sampling points within the water supply networks. The analysis was comprised of selected indicators of water quality after the treatment process during the years of 2011-2017. From the carried-out investigation, it was concluded that the concentration of free chlorine in the water supply network concurrently decreased with increases in the distance from the treatment plant. This dependence was found in 19 out of 28 water supply points. While analyzing the annual average concentrations of free chlorine in the municipal water, it was noted that the highest values at the study points occurred in 2011. During the other years, decreases in this indicator were observed. This follows from the analysis that the water disinfection by-products did not exceed permissible limits.
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