PURPOSEThis information paper provides an in-depth review of filtration (including adsorption and ion exchange) as a pathogen and particulate reduction mechanism when treating natural waters. This paper is intended to assist the reader in evaluating the capabilities of Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) using size exclusion, adsorption, and/or ion exchange to reduce disease-causing bacteria, virus, and protozoan cyst populations, as well as turbidity causing particulate matter. REFERENCESAppendix A contains a list of references. INTRODUCTION BackgroundUnderstanding the ability of filtration to reduce disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting Soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from acute health threats posed by these microorganisms. Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to potable water. Using IWPDs is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. These IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers (reference 1) provides performance standards by which an IWPD using filtration can be evaluated. The performance standards are a minimum 6-log reduction/inactivation of bacteria, 4-log reduction/inactivation of viruses, and 3-log reduction/ inactivation of protozoan cysts (typically Giardia or Cryptosporidium). IWPDs meeting these standards are considered effective at reducing disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts. Some IWPD manufacturers test their devices using this protocol. This is considered the best way to evaluate the IWPDs pathogen reduction capabilities. In the absence of that testing data, this information paper can be used to gain an understanding of the advantages as well as limitations of filtration and help determine if an IWPD using filtration could successfully meet the EPA Guide's minimum performance standards. Origin of Filtration for Water TreatmentFor the purpose of this paper, filtration will be used broadly to incorporate separation by (1) granular media, (2) size exclusion (e.g., membranes), (3) electrochemical adsorption (e.g., activated carbon), and (4) ion exchange (e.g., anion, cation exchange). Filtration is a well- Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subje...
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 14. ABSTRACT U.S. warfighters may encounter difficulties obtaining suitable drinking water while in a deployed situation. Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) water purification devices are often used to provide microbiologically safe drinking water when an Army-provided water supply is not available. However, many of these devices have not been adequately tested and are not approved for U.S. military use. The study described herein was performed to assess the capabilities of the COTS water purification devices. A decision analysis methodology known as Multi-Criteria Decision Making was used to evaluate available devices and develop recommendations for various operational scenarios. More information on the individual devices can be found in the database developed as a result of this effort: http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/WPD/Default.aspx. SUBJECT TERMS Blank EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater supply is a critical requirement for service member sustainment on the battlefield, and emergency individual water purifiers (IWPs) are a critical component of water supply. Emergency IWPs provide microbiologically safe water to keep soldiers mission-ready in cases where they do not have access to an Army-provided water supply. Soldiers are currently procuring and using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) IWP devices. However, there is a lack of information on the performance of these devices, and it is unknown whether they provide microbiologically safe drinking water.To address this problem, the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (CHPPM) conducted a study to assess the performance and suitability of the available devices. A market survey was conducted to identify and collect information on COTS devices, and each device under consideration was procured by CHPPM for the evaluation.The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center Decision Analysis Team developed a Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach for the evaluation. In this methodology, each COTS IWP was scored against criteria that addressed performance, operational, and logistical factors in a model developed using the software package Logical Decisions for Windows. Each factor in the model was developed with a definition and a performance scale for assessing the devices. The factors were weighted based on their importance to and impact on the evaluation. Four scenarios of use were identified to address...
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. REPORT DATE MAY 20062. REPORT TYPE 31-EC-03E05e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM),5158 Blackhawk Road,APG,MD,21010 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 31-EC-03E0 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Department of the Army, ATTN: SAUS-OR, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for Operations Research, Washington, DC, 20310 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) DUSA(OR); ASA(I&E) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) ESOH05002 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThe original document contains color images. ABSTRACTThis project assessed the performance and health risks of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) individual water purifiers (IWP) for use by individual warfighters to provide emergency treatment of field drinking water. This project had three discrete objectives: 1)develop a military-use specific protocol for testing the efficiency and functionality of IWPs in producing microbiologically safe drinking water; 2) gather and assess technical information on COTS IWPs and develop a shareable database of this information, and 3) develop simple, direct recommendations for the warfighter on the lowest-risk IWPs to use. (1) Consider the SweetWater ® Purifier from Mountain Safety Research, Inc., as the highest-scoring overall filter-based IWP. It is commercially packaged as a combination filter and disinfectant. It removes all four pathogens of interest. For use in conditions requiring a very small and lightweight IWP, however, the filter's size and weight make it an unsuitable option.(2) Consider the Micropur MP 1 Tablets from Katadyn North America, Inc., as the highest-scoring overall disinfectant-based IWP. It removes all four pathogens of interest, and is very lightweight. However, it has a detrimental effect on the taste and odor of the water, and it has a long purification time. Both of these weaknesses are common to the disinfectant-based IWPs considered in this Project.(3) Consider the First Need Deluxe from General Ecology, Inc., as the highest-scoring filter-only IWP. The Project Team rated this IWP...
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