PURPOSEThis information paper provides an in-depth review of ultraviolet (UV) light for use as a disinfection technology in potable water supplies. This paper is intended to assist the reader in evaluating the disinfection capabilities of UV light-using Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) to inactivate disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and cysts. REFERENCESAppendix A contains a list of references. INTRODUCTION BackgroundUnderstanding the disinfection capabilities of UV light to inactivate disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting Soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from acute health threats posed by these microorganisms. Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to microbiologically safe water. Using IWPDs is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. These IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers (reference 1) provides performance standards by which an IWPD that uses UV light can be evaluated. The performance standards are a minimum 6-log reduction/inactivation of bacteria, 4-log reduction/inactivation of viruses, and 3-log reduction/inactivation of protozoan cysts. UV-using IWPDs meeting these standards are considered effective against disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts. Some IWPD manufacturers test their devices using this protocol. This is the best way to evaluate the IWPDs disinfection capabilities. In the absence of that testing data, this information paper can be used to gain an understanding of UV light disinfection capabilities and help determine if an IWPD using UV light could successfully meet the EPA Guide's minimum performance standards. This information paper was developed primarily using information obtained from the EPA's Draft Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual (reference 2). The manual provides a comprehensive review of available scientific literature concerning UV disinfection in drinking water systems.b. History of UV Light in Potable Water Applications. The germicidal properties of UV light were discovered in 1887. The first application of UV light in drinking water occurred in Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing...
This information paper provides an in-depth review of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies. This paper is intended to assist the reader in evaluating the disinfection capabilities of Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) using chlorine dioxide to kill or inactivate disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts.
PURPOSEThis information paper provides an in-depth review of filtration (including adsorption and ion exchange) as a pathogen and particulate reduction mechanism when treating natural waters. This paper is intended to assist the reader in evaluating the capabilities of Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) using size exclusion, adsorption, and/or ion exchange to reduce disease-causing bacteria, virus, and protozoan cyst populations, as well as turbidity causing particulate matter. REFERENCESAppendix A contains a list of references. INTRODUCTION BackgroundUnderstanding the ability of filtration to reduce disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting Soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from acute health threats posed by these microorganisms. Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to potable water. Using IWPDs is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. These IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers (reference 1) provides performance standards by which an IWPD using filtration can be evaluated. The performance standards are a minimum 6-log reduction/inactivation of bacteria, 4-log reduction/inactivation of viruses, and 3-log reduction/ inactivation of protozoan cysts (typically Giardia or Cryptosporidium). IWPDs meeting these standards are considered effective at reducing disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts. Some IWPD manufacturers test their devices using this protocol. This is considered the best way to evaluate the IWPDs pathogen reduction capabilities. In the absence of that testing data, this information paper can be used to gain an understanding of the advantages as well as limitations of filtration and help determine if an IWPD using filtration could successfully meet the EPA Guide's minimum performance standards. Origin of Filtration for Water TreatmentFor the purpose of this paper, filtration will be used broadly to incorporate separation by (1) granular media, (2) size exclusion (e.g., membranes), (3) electrochemical adsorption (e.g., activated carbon), and (4) ion exchange (e.g., anion, cation exchange). Filtration is a well- Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subje...
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. REPORT DATE MAY 20062. REPORT TYPE 31-EC-03E05e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM),5158 Blackhawk Road,APG,MD,21010 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 31-EC-03E0 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Department of the Army, ATTN: SAUS-OR, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for Operations Research, Washington, DC, 20310 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) DUSA(OR); ASA(I&E) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) ESOH05002 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThe original document contains color images. ABSTRACTThis project assessed the performance and health risks of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) individual water purifiers (IWP) for use by individual warfighters to provide emergency treatment of field drinking water. This project had three discrete objectives: 1)develop a military-use specific protocol for testing the efficiency and functionality of IWPs in producing microbiologically safe drinking water; 2) gather and assess technical information on COTS IWPs and develop a shareable database of this information, and 3) develop simple, direct recommendations for the warfighter on the lowest-risk IWPs to use. (1) Consider the SweetWater ® Purifier from Mountain Safety Research, Inc., as the highest-scoring overall filter-based IWP. It is commercially packaged as a combination filter and disinfectant. It removes all four pathogens of interest. For use in conditions requiring a very small and lightweight IWP, however, the filter's size and weight make it an unsuitable option.(2) Consider the Micropur MP 1 Tablets from Katadyn North America, Inc., as the highest-scoring overall disinfectant-based IWP. It removes all four pathogens of interest, and is very lightweight. However, it has a detrimental effect on the taste and odor of the water, and it has a long purification time. Both of these weaknesses are common to the disinfectant-based IWPs considered in this Project.(3) Consider the First Need Deluxe from General Ecology, Inc., as the highest-scoring filter-only IWP. The Project Team rated this IWP...
PURPOSEThis information paper provides an in-depth review of on-site electrochemically generated oxidants (EGO) as a disinfectant in potable water supplies. This paper is intended to assist the reader in evaluating the disinfection capabilities of Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) using EGO to kill or inactivate disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts. REFERENCESAppendix A contains a list of references. INTRODUCTION BackgroundUnderstanding the disinfection capabilities of EGO to kill or inactivate disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting Soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from acute health threats posed by these microorganisms. Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to microbiologically safe water. Using IWPDs is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. These IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers (reference 1) provides performance standards by which an IWPD using EGO can be evaluated. The performance standards are a minimum 6-log reduction/inactivation of bacteria, 4-log reduction/inactivation of viruses, and 3-log reduction/inactivation of protozoan cysts (typically Giardia or Cryptosporidium). EGO-using IWPDs meeting these standards are considered effective against disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts. Some IWPD manufacturers test their devices using this protocol. This is the best way to evaluate the IWPDs disinfection capabilities. In the absence of that testing data, this information paper can be used to gain an understanding of EGO disinfection capabilities and help determine if an IWPD using EGO technology could successfully meet the EPA Guide's minimum performance standards. GeneralElectrochemically generated oxidant technology is well established. The technology dates back to the 1930's when it was primarily used for the disinfection of swimming pools (reference 2). Additionally, it is also extensively used in the wastewater and drinking water industries and has more recently been utilized in the food and agricultural industry (reference 3). Currently, there is only one Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) IWPD product using EGO technology. Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other prov...
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