B arely is an important cereal crop and ranks around fourth in the world cereal production statistics following wheat, maize and rice (USDA-2008). It is estimated that annually over 133.85 million tones barley is produced worldwide. Barley is used as feed, food and for the brewing and distilling industries (Morris and Bryce, 2000). Barley is containing 80% carbohydrates which is an important source of energy. In the roman times, barley was the most popular food of providing a high energy, before going to the circus. The gladiators were fed on barley diet, so they were called "hordeari" from hordeium. Researchers also found that the amount of cholesterol in humans is decreased in blood serum due to the consistency of Abstract | Genetic diversity can be investigated through different methods such as morphological traits, biochemical (SDS PAGE) and molecular markers. The present work was conducted on the basis of morphological and biochemical characterization in order to estimate the genetic diversity among the barley landraces; to explore significant variation which can be used in breeding programs. For this purpose, 40 barley landraces were collected from Dir Lower and Swat, districts of KP, Pakistan. A total of 18 traits were recorded, 10 qualitative characters including spike density, awn barbs, glume awn, lemma type and awn color, length of the rechilla hairs, lemma color, auricle pigmentation, photoperiod sensitivity and stem pigmentation. Variation was observed in these qualitative traits through frequency distribution. In quantitative traits maximum variation was found for plant height ranging from 36cm to 50cm, days to flowering range from 130 to 133 days), while 100 seed weight ranged from 36 to 86 g and plant biomass range from 50 to 199.5 g per plant. SDS-PAGE analyses of total seed storage protein resulted in a total of 18 polymorphic bands. Total genetic diversity on the basis of total seed storage protein analysis was 17.5%. In Band, the 14 total genetic diversity was (0.60%) followed by Band 16 (0.58%) and Band 17 (0.55%). Similarly, Band 3 showed diversity, while Band 8, 4 and 5 indicated 0.45, 0.38 and 0.35%, respectively. A cluster dendrogram tree was constructed which was divided into two linkage and further divided into seven clusters. The variation was found among the clusters. The information obtained from the study is useful in planning further crop improvement.
C eltis australis L. is one of the important plant belong to the family Ulmaceae which is one of the largest family of about 15 genera and 200 species. Celtis occidentalis L. are commonly cultivated for shade purposes in Egyptian gardens (Singh et al., 2006). Celtis australis is a deciduous tree commonly known as the European nettle tree or Mediterranean hackberry. Hackberry fruits are seldom used for nutritional purposes. The nutritional and physicochemical properties, including water, total fiber, protein, Abstract | Celtis australis L. is one of the most important annual plants globally. The current study was conducted to evaluate Celtis australis genotypes through morphological and biochemical characterizations. A total of 80 genotypes were collected from different regions of district Dir and Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, and were characterized for 11 phenotypic traits (4 qualitative and 7 quantitative). A significant diversity was found for leaf length with the range of 4 to 15 cm, leaf width 1 to 7.0 cm, petiole length range from 0.5 to 4.5cm.The internodes length ranged from 0.5cm to 6. The seed length ranged from 4 to 11mm. The 100 seed weight ranged from 7.7 to 48g. Correlation analysis revealed that leaf width was strongly significant with leaf length (0.454**), 100 seed weight with leaf length (0.289**), seed width was also found strongly significant with seed length (0.246*), and 100 seed weight was found significant with seed length (0.236*). On the basis of Cluster analysis, all the genotypes were divided into two linkages and further divided into 7 sub clusters. Every group showed less difference to one another but high variation to other groups. Similarly, in total seed storage proteins, a total of 13 polypeptides bond were found with the total genetic diversity of (0.68%) found in band 1, while in band 2, the variation was 0.63%. A cluster dendogram was constructed for total seed storage proteins and divided 7 sub clusters, where CA1 and CA69 were found the most diverse genotypes. The main aim of this study was to explore morphological variation in order to generate data that could assist in determining the most appropriate tools that are adaptable to various environments.
T omato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is an important cash crop ranked second after potato globally (Adalid et al., 2004). In Pakistan, tomato is cultivated on a total area of 52.3 thousand hectares with a total production of 530,000 tons. In 2016-2017, among the five provinces across the country, Khyber Pakhthunkhwa ranks third with a production of 9.8 tones (Anonymous, 2018).
Twenty diverse rice germplasm were used to estimate genetic diversity using five microsatellites (SSR) and five randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 33 clear and repeatable bands were scored from RAPD markers and 33 alleles were detected from SSR primer pairs. Average polymorphic information content (PIC) value across the SSR alleles was 0.789 and average polymorphism for all microsatellite markers was 100%. Polymorphism level revealed by RAPD was 93.80%. The unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) dendrogram on Nei's genetic distance based on SSR markers clubbed germplasms into three clusters:
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