Efficacy of five botanical extracts (eucalyptus, bakayan, chilli, thyme and onion extract) and synthetic insecticide (Steward 150 EC) was evaluated against H. armigera and its associated natural enemies under field conditions during 2014, followed Randomize Complete Block Design with three replications. Results revealed that all the tested botanicals and insecticide were found effective in controlling the tomato fruit worm infestation as compared to control. Among all the tested spray materials, Steward 150 EC was found the most effective in reducing H. armigera larval infestation (61.01%) followed by bakayan extract (44.49%). However, the steward 150 EC was comparatively more toxic to the natural enemies than botanicals. Fruit infestation was minimum in Steward tested plots and maximum in control on weight basis and on number basis 10.53% and 10.29% and 30.88% and 29.11% respectively. Similarly, Steward treated plot yielded the highest (9564 kg ha-1) and control yielded the lowest (5487 kg ha-1). It was concluded that Steward 150 EC was the most effective in managing fruit worm infestation and hence resulting the minimum fruit damage and consequently enhanced the yield of tomato. However, the synthetic insecticide was extremely toxic to the natural enemies. Furthermore, eucalyptus, chilli, onion and thyme extract also showed better results than control in term of pest reduction and were comparatively safe to the natural enemies, Hence these botanicals should be included in IPM program for the suitable management of H. armigera associated with tomato crop.
and cleaning. Soldiers play a key role in the identification of species and colony defense. They are unable to eat and are fed by workers through trophallaxis, which is also a source of communication (Hickey, 2006). Third one is the reproductive caste (King, Queen, primary and secondary reproductive) responsible for repro-
The extra-cellular export of the HR-eliciting protein, Harpin(Es) of the maize pathogen Erwinia stewartii was studied to find out if the protein needs any species-specific signal for its export and to determine if the export of the protein to the medium is affected in any way by the growth temperature. Based upon the experimental evidence, it was proved that the protein (i.e., Harpin(Es)) does require its own export system (species-specific) to get out of the bacterial cell and can not be exported by the export system of even the very closely related bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. It was also found that the export of Harpin(Es) is, unlike the case of Harpin(Ea) (HR-eliciting protein of Erwinia amylovora), independent of the growth temperature.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.