Dental caries can spread rapidly in children and was given the term "Early Childhood Caries" (ECC) that was coined to describe "one or more carious, non-cavitated or cavitated tooth surfaces that are missing or filled due to caries on a deciduous tooth" in a child of 5 years and 9 months of age or younger. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a “complicated condition affecting the maxillary primary incisors which quickly propagate to other primary teeth about a month of eruption”. It is a serious issue of socio-behavior or dental health which strikes pre-schoolers across the globe. Objective: To determine effects of parental knowledge on their children's oral health practices and status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, with a total of 384 kids from Government and Private Schools of Abbottabad City. Oral hygiene of the children was assessed through dmft scores upon the request of school administration and parents. Structured oral health questionnaires were distributed by the instructors among the parents during parent-teacher conferences/ meetings that were held after every three months in a fiscal year of the school. Results: A total of 372 of the youngsters in the study have all their primary teeth erupted (98.7%). Three-year-olds make up 35.7% of the overall sample, while four-year-olds make up 23%, and five-year-olds make up 0.5% of the sample. One or more of the sample's 245 decaying teeth affects 40.5% of the total. Conclusions: Parental knowledge and practise of oral hygiene were found to be linked to their children's oral health in this study.
World Health Organization proposes implementing the WHO STEP smart strategy for tracking, to continuously monitoring noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors (STEPS). Objective: To analyze the prevalence and contributing factors of NCD risk factors in Pakistan, a country with a low income where NCDs are responsible for 66 percent (or two-thirds) of fatalities annually. Methods: Total 675 eligible participants, ages 15 to 60, were selected by a multistage sampling approach from February 2020 and May 2021 for STEPS survey (version of instrument 3.2). Assessment of behavioral and physiological risk variables was part of the data collection process. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Intake of lesser than five portions of vegetables and fruits every day may be the greatest common risk factor. Of all participants, 341 (50.51%) were smoking currently, 513 (76%) were not physically active. A total of 251 (37.18%) individuals have elevated blood pressure whilst 245 (36.29%) individuals are affected by sugar. The cholesterol level is high in 215 (31.85%) participants out of 675. Each individual had an average of two risk factors for NCDs (2.04, 95percent [Confidence interval]: 2.02-2.08). Conclusions: Numerous risk factors for NCDs are present in a significant section of the Pakistani community. With the help of a multi-sectoral national coordination system, this observed data must be employed to promote and track specific NCD management and prevention programs for cities across Pakistan.
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