The discovery of new antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms of action is necessary to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance that affects all currently used classes of antibiotics. Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are well-characterized clinically validated targets of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics which exert their antibacterial activity through inhibition of the catalytic subunits. Inhibition of these targets through interaction with their ATP sites has been less clinically successful. The discovery and characterization of a new class of low molecular weight, synthetic inhibitors of gyrase and topoisomerase IV that bind to the ATP sites are presented. The benzimidazole ureas are dual targeting inhibitors of both enzymes and possess potent antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of relevant pathogens responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections. The discovery and optimization of this novel class of antibacterials by the use of structure-guided design, modeling, and structure-activity relationships are described. Data are presented for enzyme inhibition, antibacterial activity, and in vivo efficacy by oral and intravenous administration in two rodent infection models.

We report the development of rigorously validated quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for 48 chemically diverse functionalized amino acids with anticonvulsant activity. Two variable selection approaches, simulated annealing partial least squares (SA-PLS) and k nearest neighbor (kNN), were employed. Both methods utilize multiple descriptors such as molecular connectivity indices or atom pair descriptors, which are derived from two-dimensional molecular topology. QSAR models with high internal accuracy were generated, with leave-one-out cross-validated R(2) (q(2)) values ranging between 0.6 and 0.8. The q(2) values for the actual dataset were significantly higher than those obtained for the same dataset with randomly shuffled activity values, indicating that models were statistically significant. The original dataset was further divided into several training and test sets, with highly predictive models providing q(2) values greater than 0.5 for the training sets and R(2) values greater than 0.6 for the test sets. These models were capable of predicting with reasonable accuracy the activity of 13 novel compounds not included in the original dataset. The successful development of highly predictive QSAR models affords further design and discovery of novel anticonvulsant agents.

Compound 3 is a potent aminobenzimidazole urea with broad-spectrum Gram-positive antibacterial activity resulting from dual inhibition of bacterial gyrase (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE), and it demonstrates efficacy in rodent models of bacterial infection. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies showed that compound 3 covalently labels liver proteins, presumably via formation of a reactive metabolite, and hence presented a potential safety liability. The urea moiety in compound 3 was identified as being potentially responsible for reactive metabolite formation, but its replacement resulted in loss of antibacterial activity and/or oral exposure due to poor physicochemical parameters. To identify second-generation aminobenzimidazole ureas devoid of reactive metabolite formation potential, we implemented a metabolic shift strategy, which focused on shifting metabolism away from the urea moiety by introducing metabolic soft spots elsewhere in the molecule. Aminobenzimidazole urea 34, identified through this strategy, exhibits similar antibacterial activity as that of 3 and did not label liver proteins in vivo, indicating reduced/no potential for reactive metabolite formation.

Studies have shown that functionalized amino acids (FAA) exhibit outstanding activity in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) test in rodents. Affinity labels patterned in part after the potent antiepileptic (R)-N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-2) have been prepared as mechanistic probes to learn the pharmacological basis for FAA function. The chemical reactivity of the affinity labels with nucleophiles was assessed, and the labels were evaluated in in vitro radioligand assays and in the MES tests in rodents. The affinity labels did not bind to receptors known to effect seizure spread. Three affinity labels, (R,S)-N-benzyl-2-acetamido-6-isothiocyanatohexanamide ((R,S)-5), (R)-N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-6), and (R)-N-(3-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-7), possessed excellent in vivo anticonvulsant activity and exhibited maximal activity at later time periods than typically observed for FAA. The anticonvulsant activity of 6 and 7 resided primarily in the (R)-enantiomer and the activity of (R)-6 and (R)-7 in rats (po) exceeded that of phenytoin. The chemical properties, pharmacological profile, and marked stereospecificity associated with 6 and 7 anticonvulsant activity make these compounds useful pharmacological tools for the study of the mode of action of FAA.

The first total synthesis of the natural product borrelidin is described. The propionate fragment of the molecule was concisely synthesized through catalytic enantioselective reductive aldol reactions, a catalytic Negishi coupling, and a catalytic directed hydrogenation. The propionate segment was then fused to the vinyl iodide fragment through a catalytic Sonogashira coupling. Subsequent catalytic hydrostannylation and catalytic cyanation allowed access to the target structure.

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A series of high affinity second-generation thiazolopiperidine inhibitors of PI3Kγ were designed based on some general observations around lipid kinase structure. Optimization of the alkylimidazole group led to inhibitors with higher levels of PI3Kγ selectivity. Additional insights into PI3K isoform selectivity related to sequence differences in a known distal hydrophobic pocket are also described.

The lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) has attracted attention as a potential target to treat a variety of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, due to its role in immune modulation and microglial activation. By minimizing the number of hydrogen bond donors while targeting a previously uncovered selectivity pocket adjacent to the ATP binding site of PI3Kγ, we discovered a series of azaisoindolinones as selective, brain penetrant inhibitors of PI3Kγ. This ultimately led to the discovery of 16, an orally bioavailable compound that showed efficacy in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.