Although karstic networks may have a major impact on fluid flow in reservoir characterization, they exhibit great intrinsic heterogeneity that makes their characterization very complex. This work proposes an integrated workflow to study and stochastically simulate karstic networks. This approach is based on the study of outcropping caves. Topological and geometrical parameters are automatically extracted from cave surveys. The extracted geometrical parameters are used to determine the input parameters of the stochastic simulations. These simulations utilize a structure-based, pixel-based and geostatistical approach. To check for consistency, a procedure is proposed to compare the topological and geometrical parameters of observed and simulated karst networks using multivariate analyses. The proposed integrated workflow has been successfully applied to a real case study involving karsts in Jurassic limestone from the south of France. The obtained karstic networks reproduce observed topological and geometrical parameters even when the employed simulation approach relies solely on geometrical parameters.
Abstract. -The seaward extension of onshore formations and structures were previously almost unknown in Provence. The interpretation of 2D high-resolution marine seismic profiles together with the integration of sea-bottom rock samples provides new insights into the stratigraphic, structural and paleogeographic framework of pre-Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) deposits of the Provence continental shelf. Seven post-Jurassic seismic units have been identified on seismic profiles, mapped throughout the offshore Provence area and correlated with the onshore series. The studied marine surface and sub-surface database provided new insights into the mid and late Cretaceous paleogeography and structural framework as well as into the syn-and post-rift deformation in Provence. Thick (up to 2000 m) Aptian-Albian series whose deposition is controlled by E-W-trending faults are evidenced offshore. The occurrence and location of the Upper Cretaceous South-Provence basin is confirmed by the thick (up to 1500 m) basinal series downlaping the Aptian-Albian unit. This basin was fed in terrigenous sediments by a southern massif ("Massif Méridional") whose present-day relict is the Paleozoic basement and its sedimentary cover from the Sicié imbricate. In the bay of Marseille, thick syn-rift (Rupelian to Aquitanian) deposition occurred (>1000 m). During the rifting phase, syn-sedimentary deformations consist of dominant N040 to N060 sub-vertical faults with a normal component and N050 drag-synclines and anticlines. The syn-rift and early post-rift units (Rupelian to early Burdigalian) are deformed and form a set of E-W-trending en echelon folds that may result from sinistral strike-slip reactivation of N040 to N060 normal faults during a N-S compressive phase of early-to-mid Burdigalian age (18-20 Ma). Finally, minor fault reactivation and local folding affect post-rift deposits within a N160-trending corridor localized south of La Couronne, and could result from a later, post-Burdigalian and pre-Pliocene compressive phase.
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