RESUMOObjetivou-se avaliar tecnicamente três semeadoras para plantio direto de milho, montou-se um experimento em área do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola da UFLA, sob Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico argiloso (LVdf), utilizando-se as seguintes semeadoras: S1 -Semeato SHM 11/13; S2 -John Deere RT 907 e S3 -John Deere RT 907, com diferentes sistemas de abertura de sulcos para deposição de adubo, deslocando-se a três velocidades distintas, de V 1 (1,38 m.s -1 ), V 2 (1,8 m.s -1 ) e V 3 (2,22 m.s -1 ). As variáveis quantificadas foram: patinagem, força média na barra de tração, potência média por mecanismo de semeadura, consumo horário e específico de combustível e capacidade de campo teórica. Adotou-se um delineamento estatístico em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que, com relação ao desempenho operacional do conjunto trator-semeadora, ocorreram diferenças significativas entre os três conjuntos quanto à força na barra e ao consumo de combustível. Quanto à patinagem e a potência, não ocorreu diferença significativa entre os conjuntos 1 e 2, apresentando menor valor, diferindo do conjunto 3. Para os parâmetros técnico-operacionais avaliados, a condição de melhor desempenho foi observada para S 1 V 3 (Semeato SHM 11/13 e 2,22 m.s -1 ).Termos para indexação: Semeadora-adubadora, desempenho operacional, deposição de adubo. ABSTRACTWith the aim of evaluating technically three sowing machines for no-tillage farming of corn, an experiment was established in the area of the Agricultural Engineering of the UFLA, under Typic Distroferric Red Latosol clayey (LVdf), by using the three following sowing machines: S1 -Semeato SHM 11/13; S2 -John Deere RT 907 and e S3 -John Deere RT 907, with different furrow opening systems for fertilizer placement, moving at three different speeds of V 1 (1,38 m.s -1 ), V 2 (1,8 m.s -1 ) e V 3 (2,22 m.s -1 ). The variables quantified were: skidding, average power on the draw bar, average power per sowing mechanism, per hour and specific fuel consumption and theoretical field capacity. A statistical design in randomized blocks with split plot distribuition was adopted. From the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that, as regard to the operational system of the tractor-sowing assembly present significant differences occurred among the three assemblies for the power on the bar and fuel consumption. As for skidding and power, no significant difference occurred between assemblies 1 and 2, differing from assembly 3. For the parameters techniquesoperational evaluated of the better performance was observed for S 1 V 3 (Semeato SHM 11/13 e 2,22 m.s -1 ).Index terms: Seeder-fertilizer, operational performance, fertilizer placement. (Recebido em 28 de abril de 2006 e aprovado em 28 de novembro de 2006) INTRODUÇÃOOs sistemas de cultivo podem ser classificados em três grupos distintos: sistema convencional, no qual o solo é preparado e a sua superfície fica totalmente exposta; cultivo mínimo, qualquer sistema de cultivo com ...
RESUMOCom o objetivo de se avaliar três semeadoras para plantio direto de milho, montou-se um experimento em área do Departamento de Engenharia da UFLA, sob Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico argiloso (LVdf), utilizando-se as seguintes semeadoras: S1 -Semeato SHM 11/13; S2 e S3 -John Deere RT 907, com diferentes sistemas de abertura de sulcos para deposição de adubo, deslocando-se a três velocidades (5,0; 6,5; 8,0 km h -1 ). As variáveis quantificadas foram: estande de plantas m -1 , índice de velocidade de emergência de plantas; uniformidade de semeadura (duplos, aceitáveis, falhas), profundidade de semeadura, danos mecânicos e germinação das sementes. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico de blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em parcelas subdivididas. A uniformidade de semeadura para as semeadoras S1 e S3 (sistemas análogos para corte de palha e abertura dos sulcos de fertilizantes) foi semelhante, não sendo observadas diferenças significativas entre elas; o sistema pneumático não apresentou vantagem econômica (considerando o alto investimento) em relação ao sistema mecânico de discos horizontais, na implantação da cultura do milho; o aumento da velocidade reduziu a uniformidade de semeadura (duplos, aceitáveis e falhas) e aumentou a danificação mecânica das sementes.Termos para indexação: Sulcador, precisão de semeadura, Zea mays L. ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out at UFLA Agricultural Department, in order to technically evaluate three no-tillage seederfertilizers on clayey typical Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf). Seeders S1 -Semeato SHM 11/13, S2 and S3 John Deere RT 907 with different furrow opening systems were utilized at three different speeds (5,0; 6,5; 8,0 km -1 ). Quantified variables were: stand plants m -1 ; plant emergence speed; sowing uniformity (double, acceptable, failure); sowing depth; mechanical damages, and seed germination. A randomized block design in shared fragments was employed. Sowing uniformity to S1 and S2 (analogous systems to straw cutting and fertilizer opening) showed no significant differences. Pneumatic system showed no economical benefits, considering the high investment, when compared to the mechanical system with horizontal disks in corn culture. Speed increase reduced sowing uniformity (double, acceptable, failure), besides increasing mechanical seed damage. Index terms: INTRODUÇÃOOs sistemas de cultivo podem ser classificados em três grupos distintos: sistema convencional, no qual o solo é preparado e a sua superfície fica totalmente exposta; cultivo mínimo, qualquer sistema de cultivo com menor movimentação de solo e trânsito de máquinas em relação ao usualmente adotado numa determinada região que deixe o máximo de cobertura vegetal, e plantio direto, no qual a deposição das sementes é feita diretamente no solo, sem haver nenhum preparo prévio. Derpsch et al. (1991) definem plantio direto como sistema de plantio na qual a semente é depositada diretamente no solo minimamente preparado, onde os resíduos da cultura anterior permanecem na superfície e as p...
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to diesel engines. This study aimed to evaluate fuel consumption and smoke density of agricultural tractors fueled by biodiesel, diesel, and biodiesel/diesel mixtures in a tilled field. Treatments consisted of distilled methyl ester (biodiesel) of babassu (Orbinya martiana) and seven combinations of it with two standard diesel fuels (B S1800 and B S50). The blending ratios were 0, 5, 15, 25, 50, and 100% biodiesel in diesel oil (B0, B5, B15, B25, B50, and B100, respectively). Regarding the results for hourly volumetric consumption, no difference was found between B0 and B100 when using B S1800, whereas an 8% increase was observed when using the S50. The weighted hourly consumption increased by 11.29 and 16.9% from B0 to B100 using B S1800 and B S50, respectively. Similarly, the specific fuel consumption increased by 11.1% and 14.3% from B0 to B100 using B S1800 and B S50, respectively. Yet, when comparing B0 and B S1800, the smoke density reduction was 68.6% and between B S50 and B100 was 58.0%. Our findings show that babassu biodiesel is a suitable substitute for diesel oil, without causing any damage to the tractor's engine.
Given the need for new alternatives to finite source of energy from fossil fuels, testing of alternative fuels has become quite important. Studies have been carried out using sets of tractor with equipment to evaluate the operational performance together with supplying diesel and biodiesel. Biodiesel is a feasible alternative as it waives adjustments in diesel cycle engines, unlike other clean fuels such as natural gas or biogas, for example. This study aimed at to assess the operational performance and smoke density of a tractor running on diesel and biodiesel, through the parameters of fuel type and engine speed. The assessed engine speeds were 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2400 and 2600 rpm and the fuel types were diesel B S1800, diesel B S500, soyabean biodiesel and murumuru biodiesel. The results showed that there was an increase in the specific consumption for all fuel types with increasing engine speed, and 1900 and 2000 rpm, mainly for the use of biodiesel speed range that least interferes with the performance. The smoke density was reduced when using soyabean and murumuru biodiesels.
Renewable energy benefits and disadvantages have been subject of major discussions and studies. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the smoke opacity from a farming tractor running two types of diesel, B S1800 (B0) and B S10 (B0), and ethyl biodiesel from babassu oil at two rates (B50 and B100), at six day periods (2, 6, 10 am, 2, 6 and 10 pm). The study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, in Jaboticabal -SP, Brazil. The results showed a reduced smoke opacity during daytimes of lower ambient temperature and higher air relative humidity. In addition, smoke opacity was reduced as higher rates of babassu biodiesel were added to B S1800 diesel and B S10; thus, consisting of an efficient procedure of reducing smoke opacity in farming tractor engines.
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