Objective To quantitatively synthesize extant literature on perceived triggers of primary headache disorders. Methods A meta-analytic review of headache trigger survey studies was conducted. Endorsement rates, assessment method, and headache and sample characteristics were extracted from included articles. Separate random-effects models were used to assess trigger endorsement rates and post-hoc meta-regressions examined potential moderator variables. Results 85 articles from 1958 to 2015 were included, involving 27,122 participants and querying 420 unique triggers (collapsed into 15 categories). Four-fifths (0.81; 95% CI .75 to .86) of individuals with migraine or tension-type headache endorsed at least one trigger. Rates increased with the number of categories queried (OR: 1.18, 1.08-1.30) and year of publication (OR: 1.04, 1.00-1.08). The triggers most commonly endorsed were stress (.58, .53-.63) and sleep (.41, .36-.47). Conclusions Extreme heterogeneity characterizes the headache trigger literature. Most individuals with a primary headache disorder perceive their attacks to be triggered by one or more precipitants, the most common of which are stress and sleep. However, trigger endorsement is influenced by method of assessment. Enhancing methodological consistency and prioritizing experimental studies would improve our understanding of headache triggers.

This study presents the electrocardiogram findings from 97 captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) at the São Paulo Zoo (São Paulo, Brazil) while under ketamine anesthesia. The results did not differ greatly from data of domestic carnivores or other studied primate species. The most common rhythm recorded was normal sinus rhythm, followed by normal sinus rhythm with wandering pacemaker. Electrical axis varied from 0 degrees to -150 degrees but was most commonly between +60 degrees and +90 degrees. QRS complexes were predominantly positive in leads DI, DII, DIII, and AVF. These findings allow for the recognition of abnormal rhythms in these primate species and can contribute to future investigations into the cardiovascular diseases routinely diagnosed in primates and humans.

Objectives The aim of this study was to establish ultrasound criteria for the diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in Persian cats. Methods Eighty-two Persian cats were assessed using renal ultrasound and genotyped for the C→A transversion in exon 29 of PKD1. The animals were also submitted to hematological characterization, serum biochemistry analyses and urinalysis. Results Age, sex and neutering status did not differ between ADPKD (n = 12) and non-ADPKD (n = 70) cats. After integrated molecular genetics/ultrasonographic analysis, the presence of at least one renal cyst was sufficient to establish a diagnosis of ADPKD in animals up to 15 months of age. Two or more cysts were required for diagnosis in cats aged 16-32 months, and at least three cysts warranted diagnosis of ADPKD in animals aged 33-49 months. Finally, four or more cysts led to diagnosis in cats aged 50-66 months. Although cats with ADPKD exhibited higher serum calcium levels than non-affected cats, hematological, urinalysis and other biochemical parameters did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions and relevance Integrated analyses of imaging and molecular genetics data enabled, for the first time, the establishment of age-based ultrasonographic criteria for the diagnosis of ADPKD in Persian cats. The development of imaging criteria is particularly relevant and useful in the clinical setting given the current limitations to access and the cost of molecular genetics-based diagnostic tests.

RESUMO A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) em humanos é uma alteração neuromuscular hereditária

No abstract

ABSTRACT.-Pellegrino A., Yamaki F.L., Pereira R.C., Oliveira V. The Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans is a X-linked neuromuscular disease, of recessive character, caused either by the absence or dysfunction of the dystrophin. Clinically, it is characterized by severe alteration in the skeletal musculature, resulting in precocious death. In Golden Retriever dogs, the mutation that takes to the muscular dystrophy happens spontaneously and the extensive homology among the pathogenesis of DMD and of Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy allows to qualify the dog as the main substitute of humans in the clinical tests of new therapies. The deficient myocardium in distrofin is more vulnerable to the pressure overload and the patients with DMD can develop dilated cardiomyopathy, arterial hypertension and the electrocardiogram can come distinctly abnormal. In the present study, 38 healthy Golden Retriever dogs were evaluated by electrocardiographic exam with the purpose to obtain parameters for the standardization of the electrocardiogram in the referred breed, what hereafter can serve as reference in the identification of bearer or affected dogs. Electrocardiographic values obtained were within normal values and reference for the various breeds of dogs, and the variables weight and age significantly altered heart rate and amplitude of the QRS complex.

ABSTRACT.-Pellegrino A., Daniel A.G.T., Pessoa R., Guerra J.M., Lucca G. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common feline heart disease and is characterized by increased cardiac mass with a hypertrophied and not dilated left ventricle. The echocardiography is the best noninvasive diagnostic tool for the differentiation of cardiomyopathies and is considered the gold standard for detection of ventricular hypertrophy present in HCM. Electrocardiographic changes are also common in animals with HCM and the electrocardiogram (ECG) is quick, easy and highly available screening test for the detection of ventricular hypertrophy in humans. In cats, few studies have been conducted regarding the sensitivity and specificity of ECG in detecting ventricular hypertrophy. With the intention of evaluating the use of ECG as a screening tool for diagnosis of HCM in cats, Persian cats (n=82) were evaluated by echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations. Animals with blocks and/or conduction disturbances were excluded from statistical analysis (n=22). Subsequently the animals included were classified as normal (n=38), suspicious (n=6) and affected by HCM (n=16). Statistical differences were observed in the P-wave amplitude in DII and R-wave amplitude in DII, CV6LL and CV6LU, with higher values in animals with HCM. Velocities and pressure gradient of aortic flow, left atrial diameter (LA) and LA/Ao ratio were higher in cats with HCM. Among the animals with ECG changes suggestive of left atrial enlargement (n=7), only two actually had LA enlargement on echocardiography, and among animals with left atrial enlargement on echocardiogram (n=7), only two had ECG changes suggestive of overload AE (40,4% of sensibility and 90,9% of specificity). Among the animals with ECG changes suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy (n=6), five actually had ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, and among animals with HCM by echocardiography (n=16), only five showed electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of LV hypertrophy (31,25% of sensibility and 97,72% of 1 Recebido em 6 de abril de 2015.Aceito para publicação em 2 de fevereiro de 2016.

À professora, mãe científica e orientadora, Maria Helena Matiko Akao Larsson, por todo carinho, amor, confiança, amizade e por todos os ensinamentos pessoais e profissionais... Grande responsável por minha atuação na cardiologia veterinária... Serei uma "filha" eternamente grata. Aos meus amigos e inspiradores da Cardiologia Veterinária: Guilherme Gonçalves Pereira e Valéria Marinho Costa de Oliveira, meus exemplos de dedicação, ética, simplicidade e profissionalismo... Meus "irmãos mais velhos" e muito importantes nos mais diversos momentos. À professora Denise S. Schwartz, pela simpatia, dedicação, confiança e ensinamentos transmitidos.