We isolated an avian influenza A/H9N2 virus from an apparently healthy chicken at a live-poultry market in January 2018. This is the first report of a whole-genome sequence of A/H9N2 virus in Indonesia.
A total of 120 cloacal swab samples were collected from asymptomatic-ducks traded at a live-bird market in East Java-Indonesia during January to February 2017. After virus isolation using 10-days-old embryonated chicken eggs, hemagglutination activity was tested. TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed employing primer sets to differentiate HA genes of H5 clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2
.1. Our result show that Avian influenza virus (AIV)-A/H5 clade 2.3.2.1 was currently prevalent among ducks in a live-poultry market (LPM), indicating LPM could be an important place as an entry point of avian viruses to human resulting novel reassortant strain.
In Indonesia, highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus has become endemic and was linked to direct transmission to humans. During 2013 to 2014, we isolated avian influenza A/H5N1 and A/H3N6 viruses from poultry in Indonesia. This study aimed to reveal their pathogenicity in mammals using a mouse model. Three of the isolates, Av154 of A/H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c, Av240 of A/H5N1 clade 2.1.3.2b, and Av39 of A/H3N6, were inoculated into BALB/c mice. To assess morbidity and mortality, we measured body weight daily and monitored survival for 20 days. Av154-and Av240-infected mice lost 25% of the starting body weight by day 7, while Av39-infected mice did not. Most of Av154-infected mice died on day 8, while majority of Av240-infected mice survived until day 20. A 50%mouse lethal dose was calculated to be 2.0x10 1 50%-egg infectious doses for Av154, 1.1x10 5 for Av240, and >3.2x10 6 for Av39. Av154 virus was highly virulent and lethal in mice without prior adaptation, suggesting its high pathogenic potential in mammals. Av240 virus was highly virulent but modestly lethal, and Av39 virus was neither virulent nor lethal. Several mammalian adaptive markers of amino acid residues were associated with the highly virulent and lethal phenotypes of Av154 virus. 1) Av154: A/turkey/East Java/Av154/2013(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1.c Eurasian lineage 2) Av240: A/chicken/East Java/Av240/2014(H5N1) clade 2.1.3.2b Indonesian lineage 3) Av39: A/duck/East Java/Av39/2013(H3N6). 4) Mammalian adaptive amino acid residue is highlighted by bold and light blue of background color.
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