Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health emergencies that characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Type 2 DM is the most common type in diabetic populations. Inhibition of alphaglucosidase can ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia that occurs in patients with type 2 DM. Adding antioxidants to the therapy of DM is intended to reduce complications caused by oxidative stress. Some species of Garcinia have been proven to inhibit alpha-glucosidase and have antioxidant activity, but there is no research on Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Therefore, the aims of this research were to determine the activity of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and as an antioxidant. Methods: In this research, the Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark was dried, grinded, and extracted by multistage maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test has been done in vitro on concentrated extracts and measured by microplate reader at 400 nm. The antioxidant test has been done using DPPH scavenging method and was measured by microplate reader at 519 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate extract is the most active extract for both test. IC 50 values for inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test are 20.18 µg/mL that is more active than standard (acarbose) which has IC 50 value 141.55 µg/mL. Meanwhile, IC 50 value from an antioxidant test is 8.93 µg/mL that is not more active than standard (quercetin) which has IC 50 value 2.51 µg/mL. Conclusion: Phytochemical screening shows that the ethyl acetate extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the arginase inhibitory activity of Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb. stem bark extracts.Methods: C. tortuosa Roxb. stem bark extracts were obtained through reflux extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol and their inhibitory activity against arginase was measured using a microplate reader at 430 nm. Active extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and based on the qualitative phytochemical analysis, quantitative data regarding flavonoid and phenolic contents were obtained. The total flavonoid content of active extracts was determined using AlCl 3 colorimetric method, and the phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results:Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of C. tortuosa Roxb. inhibited activity of arginase with IC 50 values of 33.81 and 11.58 μg/mL, respectively, nor-NOHA acetate as standard drug inhibited arginase with IC 50 values of I3.77 μg/mL. Both active extracts contained saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed a total flavonoid content of 7.41 mgQE/g and 5.05 mgQE/g and total phenolic content of 27.55 mgGE/g and 17.16 mgGE/g, respectively. Methanol extracts had a higher inhibitory activity than ethyl acetate extracts despite having flavonoid and phenolic content, thereby suggesting no correlation between arginase inhibitory activity and flavonoid or phenolic content. Conclusion:Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of C. tortuosa Roxb. stem barks containing flavonoids, tannins, and saponins displayed arginase inhibitory activity, and no correlation was observed between arginase inhibitory activity and flavonoid and phenolic content.Substrate optimization was performed using concentrations of 130, 570, 650, and 820 mM as suggested by the protocol. Substrate concentrations were tested using 1 U/mL of arginase enzyme. The procedure was performed in triplicate using 10 µL of bidistillation water, 15 µl of enzyme solution, and 20 µl of substrate solution followed by incubation for 30 min at 37°C. After incubation, 100 µl of urea was directly added, followed by incubation at room temperature (25°C).
Objective: Premature skin aging is caused by increased elastase proteolytic activity, which causes elastin breakdown and disorganization in connectivetissue, reducing elasticity and flexibility, and wrinkling skin. Natural compounds in plants, especially polyphenols, inhibit elastase proteolyticactivity and prevent premature skin aging. Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) leaves contain many polyphenols with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic, and antimicrobial activities. However, no studies have shown that A. carambola leaves inhibit elastase proteolytic activity.Methods: This study tested the inhibition of elastase proteolytic activity by the water fractions (WF), ethyl acetate fractions, and n-hexane fractionsof A. carambola leaves from the Depok, Sukabumi, and Subang regions of West Java. Each fraction was tested using a microplate reader, and the totalphenolic and flavonoid content was determined for the most active fraction.Results: The WF of the A. carambola leaves from Depok was the most active fraction, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 160.36 μg/mL.The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the WF was 115.68 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 9.15 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract,respectively.Conclusion: The WF of A. carambola leaves is a natural material that may inhibit elastase proteolytic activity and prevents premature skin aging.
Background: Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. Objective: The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl 3 colorimetric method. Methods: Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Results: Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81% and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Conclusion: Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.
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