The purpose of the experiment was to find out the impact of various combinations of growth regulators 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP cytokinins family) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA auxin family) on growth and root induction of banana explants micro-propagated in vitro. Explants were obtained from young suckers of 8818-william, Pisang and Brazilian varieties. The explants were cultured in vitro containing MS media and different BAP and IAA combinations. The results showed banana varieties exhibited differences for the shoot and root development and also for the number of shoots and leaves. Wiallium-8818 hybrid gave more shoots (7.33) when the concentration of BAP and IAA was 2.5 and 1 mg L -1 , respectively. Alike, Wiallium-8818 hybrid produced the longest shoot (12.20 cm) with more leaves (6.23) at 1 mg L -1 of each BAP and IAA. But Pisang variety produced maximum fresh weight (15.45 g) with a greater number of roots at 5 + 1 mg L -1 of BAP + IAA, respectively.
Sustainable production of food crops relies on germplasm improvement and genetic diversity that helps to identify appropriate parents, which is very important step in breeding of genotypes having high yield potential for future use. This study was conducted to investigate the extent of genetic diversity using multivariate technique on the basis of qualitative and quantitative traits.An experiment was comprised of 74 exotic genotypes and started at National Agriculture Research Center Islamabad, Pakistan during autumn 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Data was recorded on qualitative and quantitative traits by following standard procedures and Biplot analysis was used to calculate the significance among the studied quantitative traits to exhibit the strength of relationship between traits. Results showed significant diversity in qualitative traits and quantitative traits. Red, yellowish, brown, light yellow, light brown color tubers were produced. Alike, genotypes produced yellow, cream and white flesh color tubers. Genotypes had oval, round, oblong, elliptic and reform with medium, small and large size tubers. Alike, brown, light brown, dark red and yellow eyes color was noted. In case of quantitative traits, genotypes had high variance regarding plant height, leaf area and number of tubers per lane. Genotypes had very high genetic variance for weight of tuber per plant and weight of tuber per lane while low variance was recorded for germination, number of stem per plant and number of eyes per tuber. Significant positive correlation was observed between number of tubers per plant (TPP) with number of eyes on tubers (r = 0.241) and number of tubers per lane (TPL) (r = 0.349). But negative correlation was noted between number of tubers per plant (TPP) with plant height (r = -246), leaf area (-0.529) and germination (r = -0.283). Plant height was found significantly positive correlated with leaf area (r= 0.456), germination percentage (r = 0.255) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.307). Leaf area (LA) showed positive significant correlation with number of tubers per plant (r = 0.466) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.263)., yield and harvest index (r = 0.798, 0.755, 0.255). Weight of tubers per lane (WTL) showed positive correlation with weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.387). Regarding the interrelation between the traits and genotypes, the first two principal component axes (PC1, 24.83% and PC2, 23.46%) accounted for about 48.29% of the total variability reflecting the complexity of the variation between the plotted traits of genotypes.
Political stability is mandatory for economic prosperity. Pakistan continues to struggle on the path to attaining a genuine and stable democratic system. Absence of political stability has led to constant changes in forms of governments in Pakistan throughout its history. Whether a system of government is directly linked with the economic implications is undecided? This research paper aims to find the answer by examining how a system of government impacts the performance of an economy in a country. The primary aim of this paper was to analyze the economic implications for Pakistan via comparative study of parliamentary and presidential systems of governments. Pakistan has one of the lowest per capita income economies and trade-to-GDP ratios showing at just 30 per cent according to a recent report published by Asian Development Bank. However, it is not all doom and gloom and the country has a lot of room for improvement. Therefore, this paper fills this gap and examines which system of government can help the economic system to flourish more through a comparative study of parliamentary and presidential form of government. The paper provides new perspectives into assessing presidential and parliamentary systems and their role in economic development of Pakistan. The study proposes how economic development can be achieved under a democratic system.
Sustainable production of food crops relies on germplasm improvement and genetic diversity. In the present study, seventy-four potato genotypes were evaluated for diversity analysis during autumn 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at NARC, Islamabad. Our results showed significant diversity in qualitative traits with reference to skin color of five types (Red, yellowish, brown, light yellow, light brown skin color tubers=5), three types of flesh color (Yellow, cream and white flesh color tubers=3), three sizes of tubers (Medium, small and large size tubers=3) and four shape of tuber (Oval, round, oblong, elliptic= 4 shapes) and four different eyes color (Brown, light brown, dark red and yellow eyes color=4). Potato genotype under study had very high genetic variance for quantitative attributes including weight of tuber per plant and weight number of tubers per lane, leaf area and plant height. Significant positive correlation was observed between number of tubers per plant (TPP) with number of eyes on tubers (r = 0.241) and number of tubers per lane (TPL) (r = 0.349). Plant height was found significantly positive correlated with leaf area (r= 0.456), germination percentage (r = 0.255) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.307). Leaf area (LA) showed positive significant correlation with number of tubers per plant (r = 0.466) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.263), yield and harvest index (r = 0.798, 0.755, 0.255). Weight of tubers per lane (WTL) showed positive correlation with weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.387). Regarding the interrelation between the traits and genotypes, the first two principal component axes (PC1, 24.83% and PC2, 23.46%) accounted for about 48.29% of the total variability reflecting the complexity of the variation between the plotted traits of genotypes. The present study will be useful for the precise selection for effective breeding program.
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