A single dose of systemic ZA administration increases the rate of NBF and augments the quality of the bone.

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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of carnitine on bone healing in ovariectomy (OVX) and inflammation (INF)-induced osteoporotic rats. The rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 8 animals per group): sham-operated (Group 1: SHAM); sham + magnesium silicate (Mg-silicate) (Group 2: SHAM + INF); ovariectomy (Group 3: OVX); ovariectomy + femoral fracture (Group 4: OVX + FRC); ovariectomy + femoral fracture + Mg-silicate (Group 5: OVX + FRC + INF); ovariectomy + femoral fracture + carnitine 50 mg/kg (Group 6: OVX + FRC + CAR50); ovariectomy + femoral fracture + carnitine 100 mg/kg (Group 7: OVX + FRC + CAR100); ovariectomy + femoral fracture + Mg-silicate + carnitine 50 mg/kg (Group 8: OVX + FRC + INF + CAR50); and ovariectomy + femoral fracture + Mg-silicate + carnitine 100 mg/kg (Group 9: OVX + FRC + INF + CAR100). Eight weeks after OVX, which allowed for osteoporosis to develop, INF was induced with subcutaneous Mg-silicate. On day 80, all of the rats in groups 4-9 underwent fracture operation on the right femur. Bone mineral density (BMD) showed statistically significant improvements in the treatment groups. The serum markers of bone turnover (osteocalcin and osteopontin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor a, interleukin 1b and interleukin 6) were decreased in the treatment group. The X-ray images showed significantly increased callus formation and fracture healing in the groups treated with carnitine. The present results show that in a rat model with osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy and Mg-silicate, treatment with carnitine improves the healing of femur fractures.Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disease that is characterized by low bone density. Among various complications associated with osteoporosis, two of the most important are spontaneous fracture and increased fracture risk [1,2]. The most important parameter revealing the fracture risk is bone mineral density (BMD), as a decrease in BMD can significantly augment the risk of fracture [3]. Osteoporosis induced after ovariectomy (OVX) in rats is scientifically very close to senile osteoporosis occurring in human beings, and this model is frequently invoked experimentally [4,5]. In addition, the application of subcutaneous magnesium silicate (Mg-silicate) in rats subjected to OVX induces the acute phase response, and by contributing to the osteoporosis through inflammatory action, it leads to trabecular bone loss [6,7]. The post-menopausal interruption of oestrogen in women has an active role in many inflammatory processes, thereby increasing cytokine production around the bone. The most prevalent pro-inflammatory cytokines are interleukins (IL-1b and IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a; these corrupt bone turnover and lead to bone resorption [8,9]. The osteoporosis model created with Mg-silicate induction after ovariectomy specifically reveals the role of oxidative stress and cytokines within the pathophysiology of the osteoporosis [10].Cytokines increase depending on inflammation and oestrogen ...

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This study was carried out to assess the protective bone-sparing effect of carnitine with anti-inflammatory properties on chronic inflammation-induced bone loss in ovariectomised (OVX) rats. A total of 64 rats were divided into eight groups. Sixteen rats were sham-operated (SH) while the others were ovariectomised (OVX). (1) SH, (2) sham + inflammation (SHinf), (3) OVX, (4) ovariectomy + inflammation (OVXinf), (5) OVX + CAR1, (6) OVX + CAR2, (7) OVXinf + CAR1, (8) OVXinf + CAR2. After the ovariectomy surgery, all the groups (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) were allowed to recover for two months. Sixty days after the OVX, inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injections of talc in groups 2, 4, 7, and 8. Group 5 and 7 were given 50 mg/kg CAR; Group 6 and 8 were given 100 mg/kg CAR from the 60th to the 80th day. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, OP, and OC were assessed to determine inflammation and to evaluate osteoblastic activity. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in femur bones of rats. Carnitine administration was able to restore BMD up to values measured in both the OVX and the SH animals. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased significantly in the OVXinf rats compared with the SH group. In OVX rats, inflammation which is evaluated by serum cytokine levels exacerbated this bone loss, as supported by values of BMD of the total femur. The two different doses of carnitine reduced bone loss and improved inflammatory biomarkers.