Background: The aim was to analyze the frequency, clinical and demographic features of solitary and multiple/diffuse oral pigmented lesions submitted to histopathological examination, and to summarize the features that guide the clinical differential diagnosis.Methods: Clinical and demographic data were retrieved from biopsy records and descriptive statistics were performed.Results: Nine hundred and five (0.51%) oral pigmented lesions were retrieved among 177 356 specimens, being 95.9% solitary and 4.1% multiple/diffuse lesions. Regardless the overlapping clinical presentation, age, site, association with amalgam restoration, and a nodular appearance may help in the clinical differential diagnosis of solitary oral pigmentations. Patient's habits, site, and systemic signs and symptoms are helpful in the clinical differential diagnosis of multiple/diffuse lesions.

SeT inhibited demineralization in enamel and dentin quite comparably to GIC. All resin cements released lower cumulative amounts of fluoride than the glass ionomer cement.

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Background Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a progressive degenerative disease caused by imbalance between anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate histopathological changes, collagen degeneration and the expression of eleven TMJOA biomarkers in articular discs. Methods Specimens were obtained from eight female patients submitted to discectomy. Discs were divided into anterior band (AB), intermediate zone (IZ) and posterior band (PB) for computerised histomorphometric analyses. Each was assigned a histopathological degeneration score (HDS). Collagen degeneration was assessed with Picrosirius‐polarisation method. Biomarkers were evaluated through immunohistochemistry, including IGF‐1, OPG, VEGF, TNF‐α, FGF‐23, IHH, MMP‐3, MMP‐9, TGF‐β1, BMP‐2 and WNT‐3. Image processing software was used to calculate average immature collagen ratios and immunostained areas. Spearman rank tests were applied to verify correlations, with significance level of 0.05. Results The HDS showed negative correlation with expression of VEGF in IZ and PB (P < .05) and positive with TNF‐α in AB (P < .01). Collagen degeneration correlated with TGF‐β1 (P < .05), BMP‐2 (P < .01) and IHH (P < .05) immunostained areas in the IZ; TGF‐β1, BMP‐2 and IHH expression correlated among each other in AB and IZ (P < .05). Conclusion Angiogenesis and tissue fragmentation may result from aberrant physiologic responses mediated by VEGF and TNF‐α, compromising TMJ discs during OA progression. The expression of TGF‐β1, BMP‐2 and IHH could be related to collagen degeneration in displaced discs and may participate in TMJOA pathogenesis.