Avocado oil (AO) is one of the functional oils having high quality and high in price in the market. This oil shows many benefits for the human health and is applied in many cosmetic products. The authentication of AO become very important due to the possible adulteration of AO with other lower priced oils, such as palm oil (PO) and canola oil (CaO). In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) in combination with chemometrics techniques of partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) is implemented to construct the quantification and classification models of PO and CaO in AO. PLS at the wavenumbers region of 1260-900 cm -1 revealed the best calibration models, having the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.999) and the lowest root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC=0.80%) and comparatively low root mean Downloaded by [New York University] at 16:33 02 July 2015 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 square error of prediction (RMSEP=0.79%), for analysis of AO in the mixture with PO.Meanwhile, the highest R 2 , RMSEC, and RMSEP values obtained for AO in the mixture with CaO at frequency region of 3025-2850 and 1260-900 cm -1 were 0.9995; 0.83%; and 0.64%, respectively.
13Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate calibration of 14 partial least square (PLS) is intended for quantitative analysis of black seed oil (BSO) in binary 15 mixture with sunflower oil (SFO) and walnut oil (WO), as well as in ternary mixture with SFO 16 and WO. The spectra of BSO, SFO, WO, and their mixture with certain concentration were 17 scanned using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) at mid infrared region (MIR) of 4000-650 cm -1 . 18For quantitatve analysis, FTIR spectral treatment (normal or derivatives) with the highest values 19 of coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the lowest values of root mean square error of 20 calibration (RMSEC) was selected as optimal calibration model. PLS at whole mid infrared 21 region of 4,000 -650 cm -1 is well suited for quantitative analysis of BSO either in binary 22 mixture or ternary mixture with WO and SFO. Furthermore, using absorbancies at frequency 23 Downloaded by [University of Otago] at 04:30 03 January 2015A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 region of 3009 -721 cm -1 , PCA is succesfully used for classification of BSO and that mixed 1 with SO and WO. The developed method is rapid, no sample preparation needed, and is not 2 involving the use of chemical reagents and solvents. 3
Database Forensic Investigation (DBFI) involves the identification, collection, preservation, reconstruction, analysis, and reporting of database incidents. However, it is a heterogeneous, complex, and ambiguous field due to the variety and multidimensional nature of database systems. A small number of DBFI process models have been proposed to solve specific database scenarios using different investigation processes, concepts, activities, and tasks as surveyed in this paper. Specifically, we reviewed 40 proposed DBFI process models for RDBMS in the literature to offer up-to-date and comprehensive background knowledge on existing DBFI process model research, their associated challenges, issues for newcomers, and potential solutions for addressing such issues. This paper highlights three common limitations of the DBFI domain, which are: 1) redundant and irrelevant investigation processes; 2) redundant and irrelevant investigation concepts and terminologies; and 3) a lack of unified models to manage, share, and reuse DBFI knowledge. Also, this paper suggests three solutions for the discovered limitations, which are: 1) propose generic DBFI process/model for the DBFI field; 2) develop a semantic metamodeling language to structure, manage, organize, share, and reuse DBFI knowledge; and 3) develop a repository to store and retrieve DBFI field knowledge. INDEX TERMS Database forensic, digital forensic, investigation process model.
The presence of lard (LD) in cosmetics products is a serious matter for certain religion, like Islam. The Muslim community is not allowed to use cosmetics products containing pig derivatives such as LD. Therefore, analysis of LD in cosmetics products is highly needed. The present study highlighted the employment of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of multivariate calibration and principle component analysis (PCA) for quantitative analysis and classification of LD in the binary mixture with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as oil base in cream formulations for halal authentication. The lipid component in cream was extracted using liquid-liquid extraction using hexane as extracting solvent, and the lipid obtained was subjected to FTIR spectra measurement, using horizontal attenuated total reflectance as sampling technique. The result showed that FTIR spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares can be used to quantify the levels of LD in the mixture with EVOO in cosmetics creams using the combined frequency regions of 1785-702 cm-1 and 3020-2808 cm-1. PCA using absorbance intensities at 1200 – 1000 cm-1 as variables has been successfully used for the classification of cream with and without LD in the formulation. The developed method is rapid and not involving the excessive sample preparation.
Examination plays a vital role in the present contemporary educational setting as well as serving as an indicator and yardstick to place students in relation to their examination scores after they undergo the examination. However, students at different educational levels experience examination anxiety, which can interfere with making right decisions either before or during examinations and is considered to be a phenomenon associated with low examination scores. Therefore, the present research study was aimed at determining the mediating effect of positive psychological strengths between study skills and examination anxiety among Nigerian college students. The study employed survey research on 315 Nigerian college students. The result of the path analysis shows that study skills (SSK) have a significant and direct relationship on examination anxiety. The mediation between positive psychological strength (PPS) and examination anxiety is identified as being effective and significant. Therefore, positive psychological strength (PPS) acts as an effective mediator towards examination anxiety.
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