Quantification of Lard in the Mixture with Olive Oil in Cream Cosmetics Based on FTIR Spectra and Chemometrics for Halal Authentication

Abstract

The presence of lard (LD) in cosmetics products is a serious matter for certain religion, like Islam. The Muslim community is not allowed to use cosmetics products containing pig derivatives such as LD. Therefore, analysis of LD in cosmetics products is highly needed. The present study highlighted the employment of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of multivariate calibration and principle component analysis (PCA) for quantitative analysis and classification of LD in the binary mixture with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as oil base in cream formulations for halal authentication. The lipid component in cream was extracted using liquid-liquid extraction using hexane as extracting solvent, and the lipid obtained was subjected to FTIR spectra measurement, using horizontal attenuated total reflectance as sampling technique. The result showed that FTIR spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares can be used to quantify the levels of LD in the mixture with EVOO in cosmetics creams using the combined frequency regions of 1785-702 cm-1 and 3020-2808 cm-1. PCA using absorbance intensities at 1200 – 1000 cm-1 as variables has been successfully used for the classification of cream with and without LD in the formulation. The developed method is rapid and not involving the excessive sample preparation.

Discrimination of botanical origin of olive oil from selected Greek cultivars by SPME‐GC‐MS and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

“…1). Olive oil spectra showed absorption bands at different wavenumbers, as follows: 3005 cm −1 (stretching vibration of cis double bonds), 29–31 2924 cm −1 (stretching vibration of aliphatic CH 2 group), 29,30 2853 cm −1 (stretching vibration of aliphatic CH 2 and CH 3 groups), 29,30 1743 cm −1 (stretching vibration of the ester carbonyl groups of triglycerides), 30–32 1460 cm −1 (bending vibration of CH 2 aliphatic groups), 32 1417 cm −1 (bending vibration of the cis double bonds), 29,32 1401 cm −1 (bending vibration of double bonds), 31,32 1200–1000 cm −1 (stretching vibration of CO ester groups), 29,32 965 cm −1 (bending vibration of trans HCCH group of disubstituted olefins) 29,32 and 721 cm −1 (bending vibration of aliphatic CH 2 groups) 30,31 . Functional group assignments of the ATR‐FTIR olive oil spectra at selected wavenumbers are summarized in Supporting information, Table S3.…”

Analysis of Lard in Lipstick Formulation Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration: A Comparison of Three Extraction Methods

“…The main fatty acid content of fat/oil extracted from prepared lipstick formulation containing LD is palmitic acid 23-26 , while that from prepared lipstick formulation containing castor oil is ricinoleic acid 83-87 . Furthermore, extracts of LD lipstick contain more saturated fatty acids 37-38 than those of castor oil lipstick [8][9] . The fatty acids composition of LD and castor oil was subjected to significance test using independent sample t-test at significance level of 0.05.…”

Chemical and Chemometric Methods for Halal Authentication of Gelatin: An Overview

“…The FTIR results were further analyzed using PCA method and clear separation between the lard and food samples was observed on the PCA score plot. Besides food products, lard is also used in cosmetics (Rohman et al., ) and printing inks (Ramli et al., ). Rohman et al.…”

“…Rohman et al. () applied FTIR in combination with PCA method to analyze the presence of lard in cream cosmetic product. Lipid components, which include lard, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and other nonpolar components, were extracted from the cream samples and analyzed using FTIR device.…”

“…; Rohman et al. ; Widyaninggar et al., ) may affect the accuracy of the results since the dimension of their dataset is reduced. The PCA method is used to emphasize variation by developing correlation structure between variables and transforming the correlated variables to uncorrelated PCs or eigenvectors.…”