Econometricians have from the start considered historical knowledge of their own discipline as reflexive knowledge useful for delineating their discipline, that is, for setting its disciplinary boundaries with respect to its aims, its methods, and its scientific values. As such, the histories written by econometricians reflect the scientific image of their discipline in a given period. Each image of a period is drawn by denominating forerunners and founding fathers and uses the language of the dominant philosophy of science of that day.
At the end of the nineteenth century, a scientific theory had to be mathematical; in the interbellum the image of science was that of logical positivism. In the 1970s and 1980s the dominant views were those of Karl Popper, Imre Lakatos, and Thomas Kuhn. Currently the scientific image in econometrics is the one of the Stanford school (Nancy Cartwright, Ian Hacking, and Patrick Suppes).
Quality service of public transport is an important issue in transit systems as users' needs and expectations have great relevance in transit modelling and implementation. This explanatory study examines young men and women's expectations and perceptions regarding the transit quality of service by using the concepts of Zone of Tolerance (ZoT) and adequate and desired levels of service. Due to the critical role of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in public transport service enhancement, specific dimension, which reflects users' perceptions and expectations over ITS, are also considered. ZoTs for men and women are obtained separately and the results show interesting differences, particularly women's minimum acceptable and desired levels are higher than men and they have relatively bigger ZoTs.
The title hints at the attention given to the lack of probability considerations in the econometric work of the recognized pioneer of econometrics, Ragnar Frisch. Clues to a better understanding of his position may be found in his comprehensive archive and correspondence. This essay gives a brief overview of Frisch's scientific archive and exhibits from his search for econometric methods. It also sets out a selection of letters exchanged between Frisch and other leading members of the Econometric Society. Our contention is that Frisch's role in the history of econometrics has not been fully appreciated owing to insufficient access to sources.
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