Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) have developed dynamically across the world, paralleling the emergence of the primary care discipline. While this review focuses on the internal environment of PBRNs, the complete framework will be presented incrementally in future publications.Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the published and gray literature. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), OVID, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Scopus, and SAGE Premier, were searched for publications between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 2020 for English-language articles. Rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria were implemented to identify relevant publications, and inductive thematic analysis was applied to elucidate key elements, subthemes, and themes. Social network theory was used to synthesize findings.Results: A total of 229 publications described the establishment of 93 PBRNs in 15 countries that met the inclusion criteria. The overall framework yielded 3 main themes, 12 subthemes, and 57 key elements. Key PBRN activities included relationship building between academia and practitioners and development of a learning environment through multidirectional communication.Conclusions: PBRNs across many countries contributed significantly to shaping the landscape of primary health care and became an integral part of it. Many common features within the sphere of PBRNs can be identified that seem to promote their establishment across the world.

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Background: This article is the second part of a novel scoping review of the international literature that presents those key elements that underpin the foundational activities of Practice-Based Research Networks (PBRNs). In this article, we examine the external environment and the intersection between the internal and external environment domains.Methods: We searched electronic databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), OVID, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Scopus, and SAGE for publications in English between 1/1/1965 and 9/15/2021. We also searched reference lists of selected publications, gray literature and other online sources. Inductive thematic analysis was applied to construct the main themes, subthemes, and key elements from a scoping review covering up to 10 years of reported experiences of each of the 98 PBRNs that met the inclusion criteria.Results: In this study we present 2 main themes: "Stakeholders at the Intersection Between the Internal and External Environment" and the "External Environment." The first is linked to the subthemes "Patient and Community Stakeholders" and "Other Healthcare Stakeholders" and 11 key elements. The second relates to the subthemes "National Health System," "Institutional/Governmental Support, National/State Policy and Regulatory Environment" "Professional Organizations," "Leveraging Previous Research and PBRN Experience and Interacting with Other Networks" and "Health Information Technology (HIT) and HIT Vendors" and 21 key elements.Conclusions: Despite variations in geography, time, and healthcare context, PBRNs shared many similar developmental experiences over the past 5 decades. Their external environment contributed significantly to their developmental trajectories during the first 10 years of their operation. ( J Am Board Fam Med 2022;35:762-792.

The aim of this case study was to evaluate whether there had been educational changes and if so, in which phases of implementation and institutionalization in three African higher education institutions. The changes were evaluated from the point-of-view of trainees in the field of e-learning and library services during the project conducted in 2013-2015. Written texts and visual material were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The enthusiasm and mutual pedagogical understanding of the academic and support service staff were the key factors promoting the changes in the integration of e-learning and modern library services into everyday practices in these higher education institutions. The provision of suitable training and pedagogic skills to the academics and the support service staff made it possible dovetail these concepts to suit their home institution and provide them with a common language and value base that supported student learning.

Aims Effective social and healthcare services are important for recipient point of view. Reforms in field of social and health care affect straight to the lives of children, adolescents and families. Voice of the parents’ of the child psychiatric patient must be heard during reforms. The purpose of this study was to explore the parents’ satisfaction with the child psychiatric clinic in southern Finland in the autumn 2017. Methods The questionnaire for parents’ included 12 questions related to a single visit experience in clinic. In total, 168 responses were collected at the end of the visits. Likert scale responses were analysed statistically with nonparametric methods for the relationship between variables such as the respondent relationship to the child and the type of visit. The open‐ended questions were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results The relationship with the child was multifaceted: 54% were mothers and 18% fathers, 13% other adults and 3% child welfare workers. The respondents’ age distribution was 18–62 years, and the average age was 39 years. The respondents were satisfied with their visit at the clinic. The respondents’ relationship with the child was determined how successful the visit was in the point of view of respondent in some cases. There was no difference in the experience for the first‐time visitors and returning visitors or the parents′ who had visited the clinic at the same time. Conclusions Even there was significant difference experiencing the visit in some cases, the respondents were satisfied and visits deemed to have benefit. The speed and availability of care and the skills and competence of the staff were appreciated. Atmosphere in the clinic was warm and positive. Development point of view, lack of information about the duration of the visit was raised to parents at the beginning of the visit.

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Maailman terveysjärjestön (WHO) eurooppalaisen lasten ja nuorten terveysstrategian mukaan osallisuus on ratkaisevan tärkeä tekijä palvelujen kehittämisessä. Useat kansalliset ja kansainväliset terveyspoliittiset ohjelmat ovat asettaneet tavoitteeksi lapsen osallisuuden vahvistamisen. Terveystieteellisessä tutkimuksessa on tutkittu pääsääntöisesti kouluikäisten lasten osallisuutta aikuisten näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata, kenen näkökulmasta ja millä menetelmillä pikkulastenosallisuutta on tutkittu sekä kuvata tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat pikkulapsen osallisuuteen perusterveydenhuollon hoitotyössä. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin scoping-katsausta. Aineistonkeruu toteutettiin Medic-, Cinahl-, Medline-, PubMed-, Web of Science-, Cochrane Library-, JBI Connect- ja ASSIA-tietokantoihin sekä manuaalisesti täydentämällä. Kaksoiskappaleiden poiston jälkeen tuloksina saatiin 1 503 viitettä, joista katsaukseen valittiin 24. Aineistoa kvantifioitiin sekä analysoitiin induktiivisesti. Lapsen näkökulman kuvaamiseen oli käytetty enemmän kvalitatiivisia menetelmiä ja aikuisten näkökulman kuvaamiseen kvantitatiivisia menetelmiä. Osallisuuden mittaamiseen oli käytetty kahdeksaa validoitua mittaria. Aineistosta tunnistettiin viisi osallisuuteen vaikuttavaa teemaa: lapseen, vanhempaan ja ammattilaiseen liittyvät tekijät, lapsen kohtaamisessa käytetyt hoitotyön keinot sekä perusterveydenhuollon ulkoiset olosuhteet. Hoitotyön keinoina kuvattiin holistinen lähestymistapa, perhelähtöinen hoitotyö, dialoginen sekä lapsilähtöinen vuorovaikutus, kommunikaatiomenetelmien käyttö, informaation jakaminen sekä lapsen toimijuuden tukeminen. Lapsen osallisuutta hoitotilanteessa voidaan parantaa lisäämällä lapsen havainnointia ja tukemalla vanhempien sekä muiden lapsen kanssa toimivien aikuisten lapsimyönteisyyttä. Lasten osallisuutta voidaan organisaatiotasolla edistää luomalla lapsimyönteistä kulttuuria ja varmistamalla ammattilaisten riittävä osaaminen. Osallisuuden tukemiseksi tarvitaan lisää tutkimustietoa, joka perustuu lapsen havainnointiin ja aitoon kuulemiseen. Jatkossa lasten osallisuutta on lisättävä tutkimusten toteuttamisessa.