In this research work, the effects of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide treatment of hemp fiber on the water absorption, mechanical, and tribological properties of hemp fiber reinforced epoxy composites (HFREC) were investigated. The change in surface roughness and fiber size after chemical treatment was confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin content of the fiber after both the chemical treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis showed an increase in the crystallinity index of the chemically treated fiber.The experimental results also revealed that both sodium carbonate and peroxide modification have resulted in enhancement of water resistance and mechanical properties such as tensile strength and tensile modulus and reduction in impact properties of treated HFREC. Tribological test results revealed that the treated HFREC have improved wear and frictional properties in comparison with untreated HFREC. The best tribological and mechanical properties were exhibited by peroxide treated HFREC, which was also confirmed through the SEM images of worn and fractured surfaces of the composites.
The present study was aimed at exploring the effect of soil application of different concentrations of orthophosphate (P) (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg kg−1) on rice agronomic and yield parameters, arsenic (As) species accumulation, and polyphenol levels in the grain of rice grown under As spiked soil (10 mg kg−1). The contents of As species (As(V), As (III), MMA and DMA) and polyphenols in rice grain samples were estimated using LC-ICP-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. P treatments significantly reduced the toxic effects of As on agronomic parameters such as root weight and length, shoot and spike length, straw, and grain yield. Among the treatments studied, only the treatment of 30 mg kg−1 P helps to decrease the elevated levels of As (V), As (III), and DMA in rice grains due to As application. The study revealed that 30 mg kg−1 was the optimal P application amount to minimize AS accumulation in rice grains and As-linked toxicity on agronomic parameters and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Furthermore, the levels of trans-ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and apigenin-7-glucoside increased in response to accumulation of As in the rice grain. In conclusion, the precise use of phosphorus may help to mitigate arsenic linked phytotoxicity and enhance the food safety aspect of rice grain.
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