BACKGROUND: Bacterial gastroenteritis is a disease in the tropics in the form of inflammation of the stomach and intestines due to several bacteria, such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio, Yersinia, and Listeria with symptoms of diarrhea without or with vomiting and frequent fever. Gastroenteritis is a global disease with the highest prevalence in the agricultural community, especially farmers and fishermen. AIM: This research is to determine the potential of leaf and seed extract Moringa oleifera as an alternative therapy for bacterial gastroenteritis. METHODS: A literature review approach derived from the analysis and synthesis of various related references is used. The author selects journals full text and books published in the last ten years maximum through several databases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane with the keywords: diarrhea, gastroenteritis, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammation, and M. oleifera. RESULTS: Seed and leaf extract M. oleifera played a role in preventing some of the effects of the pathogenesis of diarrhea due to bacterial infection. Methanol, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids from seed and leaf extract M. oleifera have antibacterial effects. The content of quercetin has an anti-inflammatory effect. The content of tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids has antidiarrheal activity. The content of ethanol and tannins has an antiulcer effect. This potential can help cure patients with bacterial gastroenteritis. CONCLUSION: Leaf and seed extract of M. oleifera has good antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antidiarrheal potential for the treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease in children which is usually caused by autoimmunity that damages pancreatic a and b cells which have functions as blood glucose regulators. Some studies stated that Renalase (RNLS) gene deletion will protect these b cells from autoimmune reactions and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. RNLS deletion by genome editing Clustered Regular interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-related (CRISPR/Cas9) is believed to have the potential to be a therapy for T1DM Patients. AIM: This research was conducted to know the potential of RNLS deletion using the CRISPR/Cas9 as an effective therapy and whether it has a permanent effect on T1DM patients. METHODS: The method applied in this research summarized articles by analyzing the titles and abstracts of various predetermined keywords. In this case, the author chose a full-text article published within the past 10 years by prioritizing searches in the last 5 years through PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane, American Diabetes Association, and official guidelines from IDAI. RESULTS: RNLS deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 in mice weakened the response of polyclonal -cell-reactive CD8+ T cells and disrupted the immune recognition to cells so that autoimmune killing did occur. In addition, such deletion prevents RNLS ER stress by increasing the threshold, triggering the unfolded protein response so that ER stress is difficult to occur. RNLS mutations in b cells also increase b cell survivability to oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: b cells RNLS deletion by genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 is effective in protecting b cells from autoimmune reactions and RE stress. However, further research is needed to determine the side effects and safety of its use.

A Review of CRISPR Cas9 for Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Could target APOE e4, APP, and PSEN-1 Gene using CRISPR cas9 Prevent the Patient from Alzheimer’s Disease? BACKGROUND: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles from hyperphosphorylated tau. Several studies suggest that targeting the deletion of the APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP will reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation, a crucial hypothesis for the causation of Alzheimer’s disease. APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP with genome editing Clustered Regular interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-related (CRISPR/Cas9) are thought to have therapeutic promise for Alzheimer’s disease.AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP using CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective therapeutic and whether it has a long-term effect on Alzheimer’s disease.METHODS: The method used in this study summarized articles by examining the titles and abstracts of specific specified keywords. In this situation, the author picked the title and abstract that matched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane, and the Frontiers in Neuroscience; this was followed by checking to see whether the paper was available in full-text. Eventually, the researcher will study the entire article to decide if it is valuable and relevant to the issue.RESULTS: CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) and g2576 mice as APP mutant models reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation from neurofibrillary tangles and prevent cell death, vascular damage, and dementia. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 deletion in APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP improved neuronal cell resilience to oxidative stress and inflammation.CONCLUSION: APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP deletion by genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 is effective to reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation from neurofibrillary tangles, cell death, vascular damage, and dementia. However, further research is needed to determine the side effects and safety of its use.

ABSTRAK   Gastroenteritis bakteri adalah salah satu penyakit di daerah tropis berupa peradangan lambung dan usus akibat beberapa bakteri, seperti Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, E. coli, Vibrio, Yersinia, dan Listeria dengan gejala diare tanpa maupun disertai muntah, dan sering demam. Gastroenteritis menjadi penyakit global dengan prevalensi tertinggi pada komunitas agrikultur terutama petani dan nelayan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak daun dan biji Moringa oleifera sebagai alternatif terapi gastroenteritis bakteri. Metode penulisan jurnal menggunakan pendekatan tinjauan pustaka yang berasal dari analisis dan sintesis berbagai referensi terkait. Penulis memilih jurnal full text dan buku tahun terbit maksimal sepuluh tahun terakhir melalui beberapa database, yaitu PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, dan Cochrane dengan kata kunci: diare, gastroenteritis, dan Moringa oleifera. Ekstrak biji dan daun Moringa oleifera berperan dalam mencegah beberapa efek dari patogenesis diare akibat infeksi bakteri. Metanol, N-hexane, etil asetat, flavonoid, fenol, saponin, alkaloid, tanin, dan steroid dari ekstrak biji dan daun Moringa oleifera memiliki efek antibakteri. Kandungan quercetin memiliki efek antiinflamasi. Kandungan tanin, flavonoid, dan alkaloid memiliki aktivitas antidiare. Kandungan etanol dan tanin memiliki efek antiulkus. Potensi tersebut dapat membantu penyembuhan penderita gastroenteritis bakteri.

Introduction: The Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor (SGLT-2 inhibitor) is a diabetic medication. Recently, there has been enough evidence of SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus, driving in an abatement in cardiovascular breakdown hospitalization. To explore SGLT-2 inhibitor in cardiovascular breakdown with lower discharge portion, we led an orderly survey and meta-examination. Strategies: We played out a methodical writing search from various electronic databases. We used keywords:” SGLT-2 inhibitor '' and “Heart Failure.” Inclusion criteria are randomized placebo-controlled trial, one-year follow-up and ejection fraction 40% or less. Composite endpoint is cardiovascular mortality with hospitalization of heart failure. Individual outcomes include all-cause mortality, cardiovascular passing, and cardiovascular breakdown hospitalization. For low heterogeneity scores, results are introduced utilizing a danger proportion (RR) with a 95 percent certainty stretch and statistical analysis using a fixed-effect model. Results: Total of two randomized control trial was selected (DAPA-HF [Dapagliflozin] and EMPEROR-Reduced [Empagliflozin]) with 8,474 patients pooled within our analysis. The results of the composite outcome compared SGLT-2 inhibitor with placebo had significant decrease in the composite of cardiovascular passing with hospitalization of cardiovascular breakdown (RR=0.78 [95% CI, 0.71–0.84], p<0.00001; I2=0%). Result of individual outcome showed significant reduction of all-cause mortality (RR=0.88 [95% CI, 0.79 – 0.98], p=0.03; I2=1%), cardiovascular mortality (RR=0.87 [95% CI, 0.77 – 0.99], p=0.03; I2=0%) and hospitalization of heart failure (RR=0.72 [95% CI, 0.65–0.81], p<0.00001; I2=0%). Conclusion: Within one year of treatment with an SGLT-2 inhibitor, the composite of cardiovascular passing with cardiovascular breakdown hospitalization, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular breakdown hospitalization was significantly reduced.