Introduction: Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is widely used throughout the world, and has anti-infl ammatory, deodorant, bacteriostatic, antimicrobial, carminative, sedative, antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, and spasmolytic properties. Because of the increasing incidence of drug-resistant bacteria, the development of natural antibacterial sources such as medical herbs for the treatment of infectious diseases is necessary. Extracts from different plant parts such as the leaves, fl owers, fruit, and bark of Combretum albifl orum, Laurus nobilis, and Sonchus oleraceus were found to possess anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of C. nobile against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofi lm formation. Methods: The P. aeruginosa samples were isolated from patients with different types of infection, including wound infection, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The fl owers of C. nobile were dried and the extract was removed using a rotary device and then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at pH 7.4. The microdilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on P. aeruginosa, and biofi lm inhibition was assayed. Results: Eighty percent of the isolated samples (16/20) could form a biofi lm, and most of these were isolated from wound infections. The biofi lm inhibitory concentration of the C. nobile extract was 6.25-25mg/ml, whereas the MIC was 12.5-50mg/ml. Conclusions: The anti-QS property of C. nobile may play an important role in its antibacterial activity, thus offering an additional strategy in the fi ght against bacterial infections. However, molecular investigation is required to explore the exact mechanisms of the antibacterial action and functions of this phytocompound.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of chronic infection in human beings. The infection has universal prevalence and contracts all age groups. Probably, these bacteria are the cause of the most common chronic bacterial infection in man and have infected approximately half of the world population. The urease of these bacteria degrades the urea in stomach's mucosa to ammoniac which results pH increment of the stomach lumen. This may allow the pathogenic intestinal protozoa to take the opportunity to cross through stomach's decreased pH situation and cause the disease. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infections (such as giardiasis) in children with Helicobacter pylori infection in Ilam city. Patients and Methods: Following the sample collection during 12 months from children in Ilam (Ilam, Iran), Helicobacter pylori infection was determined based on stool antigen analysis (HPSA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in children who had recurrent abdominal pain. Stool specimens were examined by the direct examination and spontaneous sedimentation method to detect both trophozoite and cyst of parasites. Results: In this study 37 children with H. pylori infection were evaluated, and the patients with positive results for Giardia lamblia, and Entamoebahistolytica/dispar were found 29.7%, and 10.8% respectively. Conclusions: The results of the current study suggest that H. pylori infection may provide favorable conditions for Giardiasis infection, but this presumption needs to be investigated further with more samples.

Our study indicated that antibacterial and wound healing activities of C. nobile ointment were notable. C. nobile therapy in combination with antibiotics can also be useful because medicinal plants contents operate in synergy with antibiotics. These results revealed the value of plant extracts to control antibiotic resistant bacteria in wound infections.

BackgroundSalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes gastroenteritis in humans and paratyphoid disease in some animals. Given the emergence of antibiotic resistance, vaccines are more effective than chemotherapy in disease control.ObjectivesThe aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of diphtheria toxoid (DT) conjugated with S. Typhimurium -derived OPS (O side chain isolation) in mice to determine its potential as a vaccine candidate against salmonellosis.Materials and MethodsLipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted from the bacterial strain. After isolation of the O side chain of LPS, detoxification, and conjugation of the detoxified OPS samples with DT, pyrogenicity, toxicity, and sterility tests were performed. To vaccination, four groups of female Balb/c mice were used in an immunization test. Antibody responses were measured by the ELISA method. Challenging processes were performed to analyze the efficacy of the OPS-DT compound.ResultsTwo weeks after the first vaccination dose, there was no significant difference in the antibody titers of the OPS and OPS-DT groups. However, after the second and third doses, the antibody titers of the OPS-DT group increased significantly compared with those of the control groups (P < 0.001). The induction of anti-OPS antibodies was as follows: OPS-DT>OPS. The most anti-OPS IgG antibody was IgG1. Challenging procedure showed successful protective characteristics in clinical examinations.ConclusionsThe results indicated that DT increased anti-OPS antibodies against the OPS-DT compound. The antibody response to OPS-DT was greater than that to OPS alone. We conclude that OPS-DT is an appropriate and acceptable vaccine candidate against salmonellosis.

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