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Introduction: Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is widely used throughout the world, and has anti-infl ammatory, deodorant, bacteriostatic, antimicrobial, carminative, sedative, antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, and spasmolytic properties. Because of the increasing incidence of drug-resistant bacteria, the development of natural antibacterial sources such as medical herbs for the treatment of infectious diseases is necessary. Extracts from different plant parts such as the leaves, fl owers, fruit, and bark of Combretum albifl orum, Laurus nobilis, and Sonchus oleraceus were found to possess anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of C. nobile against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofi lm formation. Methods: The P. aeruginosa samples were isolated from patients with different types of infection, including wound infection, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The fl owers of C. nobile were dried and the extract was removed using a rotary device and then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at pH 7.4. The microdilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on P. aeruginosa, and biofi lm inhibition was assayed. Results: Eighty percent of the isolated samples (16/20) could form a biofi lm, and most of these were isolated from wound infections. The biofi lm inhibitory concentration of the C. nobile extract was 6.25-25mg/ml, whereas the MIC was 12.5-50mg/ml. Conclusions: The anti-QS property of C. nobile may play an important role in its antibacterial activity, thus offering an additional strategy in the fi ght against bacterial infections. However, molecular investigation is required to explore the exact mechanisms of the antibacterial action and functions of this phytocompound.

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IntroductionAntitubercular drug resistance strain is a horrifying barrier to effective TB treatment and prevention. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of rifampicin-resistance M. tuberculosis (MTB) strains.MethodsWe searched two electronic databases, PubMed and EMBASE, until 26 March 2017 and updated our search on 27 April 2018 and accessed all prevalence studies of MTB strain and their drug susceptibility patterns to rifampicin. The pooled prevalence estimate was determined using random effects model.ResultsWe identified 23 studies satisfying the inclusion criteria. The proportion of rifampicin resistance strains was diverged depending on the type of strains, country and Regions. The pooled estimate of rifampicin-resistance strains of MTB for the included studies was 4% (95% CI: 3–5%). In subgroup analysis based on World Health Organization (WHO) Regions, the pooled estimate of rifampicin-resistance strains of MTB was 11% (95% CI: 9–13%) with the Western Pacific Region 24%, Europian Region 10%, South-East Asian Region 6%, African Region 3% and Region of American 1%. Beijing family was the most dominant strain resistance to rifampicin with pooled prevalence of 14% (95% CI: 10–18%). The pooled prevalence of other families, i.e. EAI, T, CAS, MANU, Haarlem, LAM and Ural, was ≤2% for each.ConclusionHigh burden of rifampicin resistance MTB strains was identified in the Western Pacific Region. Of these, Beijing family was predominantly resistance to rifampicin in Western Pacific Region and South-East Asian Region and also spread to European Region and Region of American.

Accurate and timely detection of drug resistance can minimize the risk of further resistance development and lead to effective treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance to first/second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in rifampicin/multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR/MDR-MTB) isolates. Molecular epidemiology of strains was determined using whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based genotyping. A total of 35 RR/MDR-MTB isolates were subjected to drug susceptibility testing against first/second-line drugs using 7H9 Middlebrook in broth microdilution method. Illumina technology was used for paired-end WGS applying a Maxwell 16 Cell DNA Purification kit and the NextSeq platform. Data analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism calling were performed using MTBseq pipeline. The genome-based resistance to each drug among the resistant phenotypes was as follows: rifampicin (97.1%), isoniazid (96.6%), ethambutol (100%), levofloxacin (83.3%), moxifloxacin (83.3%), amikacin (100%), kanamycin (100%), capreomycin (100%), prothionamide (100%), D-cycloserine (11.1%), clofazimine (20%), bedaquiline (0.0%), and delamanid (44.4%). There was no linezolid-resistant phenotype, and a bedaquiline-resistant strain was wild type for related genes. The Beijing, Euro-American, and Delhi-CAS were the most populated lineage/sublineages. Drug resistance-associated mutations were mostly linked to minimum inhibitory concentration results. However, the role of well-known drug-resistant genes for D-cycloserine, clofazimine, bedaquiline, and delamanid was found to be more controversial.

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