The goal of this study was to assess the anaesthetic induction and recovery time in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) after exposure to various concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 ml/l) of 2-PE as an anaesthetic, as well as the effects of optimal concentration (0.7 ml/l) of 2-PE in relation to different exposure time (3, 10, 15 min) on some haematological and serum biochemical indices in this species. Moreover, the effects of 0.7 ml/l on blood parameters were assessed 24 h after the longest exposure. Significant increase was determined in Hb, MCH and MCHC after 10-min exposure to 2-PE (p < 0.05). Moreover, Hct, Hb and RBC levels increased significantly after 15 min-exposure to 2-PE (p < 0.05). There were no prominent changes in WBC and MCV. The plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and cortisol increased significantly after 10- and 15-min exposure to 2-PE (p < 0.05) compared with the control group and all other exposure times. The activity of ALT and AST were significantly increased after 10- and 15-min exposure respectively (p < 0.05). In this study, it appears that anaesthetizing kutum with 2-PE at 0.7 ml/l for 3 min had no effect on the stress markers.

The main objective of the present study was to shed light on the effects of 2-phenoxyethanol on possible primary (cortisol level) and secondary (hematological indices and glucose level) stress responses and changes in the activity of metabolic enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). The fish were exposed to 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 ml L -1 of 2-phenoxyethanol. 2-Phenoxyethanol induction and recovery times were 115-595 and 29.66-179.3 s, respectively. At a concentration of 0.1 ml L -1 , the anesthetic failed to induce deep anesthesia. The lowest effective concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol was determined to be 0.7 ml L -1 , whereas 0.9 ml L -1 was found to be the most effective one. Data showed that RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were significantly high in some treatments compared to the control. MCV and MCH contents decreased significantly. MCHC, ALP, AST and ALT did not vary significantly. Plasma glucose and cortisol levels were significantly high compared to the control (in some doses). Moreover, Na ? , K ? , Ca 2? , Mg 2? and Cl -did not vary significantly. Findings suggest that blood parameters were affected by anesthetizing bighead with 2-phenoxyethanol at 0.9 ml L -1 to the lowest extent.

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Geometric morphometrics (GM) is a tool to study shape and size, offering powerful analytical and graphical mean for the quantification and visualization of morphological variations within and among organisms. GM analysis is performed using image processing techniques, which can be easily reanalyzed and is also inexpensive and fast (22). In landmark-based GM, landmarks are the selected points on the body by which the shape can be analyzed (23). Several studies have used GM methods in different biological fields (24,25). ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to examine the effects of different thermal conditions on the body shape of Aphanius arakensis, a eurythermal species in Iranian inland waters. The specimens were collected from Eshtehard Shoor River, Iran, transferred to the laboratory, and exposed to 22°C, 25°C, and 28°C for 2 months. After this period, the specimens were photographed and landmark points were digitized on the 2D pictures. The extracted coordinates of the landmark points were superimposed using the generalized procrustes analysis to remove the effects of size, rotation, and translation. Canonical variate analysis and Mahalanobis distance followed by permutation multivariate analysis of variance were used to discriminate the shapes of the specimens exposed to the three temperatures. The results indicated that the shape of A. arakensis was significantly affected by temperature in both males and females. The specimens exposed to 25°C and 28°C had similar shapes but dissimilar shapes compared to those exposed to 22°C. Those exposed to 22°C had shorter head and tail regions and upper position of eyes. Males and females showed similar changes to temperature variations.