Objective: The present study deals with the cytotoxic activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Calotropis gigantea L. stem bark and its fractions such as A, B, C, D and E fractions on murine leukemia cell line P388. Methods:The crude extracts of C. gigantea stem bark were prepared using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The plant extracts were subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography followed by TLC. According to the similarity of stain patterns, the fractions were combined. The extracts and its combined fractions were then subjected for the phytochemical test. Cytotoxic activity of those extracts and its combined fractions were tested using MTT assay. Fraction D was subjected to gravity column chromatography followed by TLC. Then, fractions A, B, and D2 were crystallized and subjected to GC-MS. Results:The qualitative screening of n-hexane extract of Calotropis gigantea L. stem bark for secondary metabolites showed the presence of terpenoid, flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. While the ethyl acetate extract contained phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins compounds. IC50 values for n-hexane extract and E fraction are 76.29 µg/ml and 18.48 µg/ml, respectively. In the ethyl acetate extract and C fraction obtained IC50 Conclusion:Cytotoxic activity from E fraction of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea stem bark is the most potent and containing flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. The main components from several compounds of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea are germacrane-A, (-)-globulol, urs-12-ene and veridiflorol.values 57.05 µg/ml and 52.58 µg/ml.

A new method for determining ploidy levels in cytochimeral plants was developed by examining the maximum number of nucleoli per cell . Colchicine-treated plants of Allium wakegi Araki and A. fistulosum L., which have different ploidy levels in the first (LI), the second (LII), and the third (LIII) germ layer, were used together with untreated 2-2-2 plants of the same species . Nucleoli in guard cells for LI and in mesophyll cells for LII were stained in a 50% AgNO3 aqueous solution at 55° C for three hours under dark, humid conditions . In both species the ploidy levels of LI determined by the maximum number of nucleoli per guard cell accorded well with those determined by guard cell length. In A . fistulosum the ploidy levels of LII determined by the maximum number of nucleoli per mesophyll cell clearly agreed with those determined by pollen size. This method provided more precise and efficient identification for LI and LII ploidy than the conventional methods of using guard cell length for LI and pollen size for LII .

Drought is one of the important climate changes that could affect the early planting of cassava to produce a high yield. Lampung province having a specific climate, wet tropical dry-season is the center of cassava production in Indonesia. Consequently, the objective was to evaluate the effect of micro fertilizers on the growth and yield of two cassava clones planting in the early dry season. This research was conducted on Ultisol soil of Tanjung Bintang District, South Lampung from May 2019 to April 2020. Treatment was arranged by factorial (2x2) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) which 3 replications. The first factor was two applications of micro fertilizer, 0 and 40 kg ha−1. The second factor was two cassava clones, UJ-5 and BW-1. Results showed that the leaf number of UJ-5 at 6 MAP and 9 MAP was increased by micro fertilizer. Yet, the leaf number of BW-1 at 6 MAP and 9 MAP was not increased by micro fertilizer. It seems that UJ-5 could be more tolerant to drought in early planting time. Consequently, the tuber fresh weight of UJ-5 was heavier due to micro fertilizer but lower starch content compared to BW-1. It could be concluded that UJ-5 when planted at early dry-season would show higher tuber fresh weight with lower starch content than BW-1.

This research aims to obtain the proper nutrient concentration and the best nutrient concentration and increase the growth and yield of pakcoy through the floating hydroponic system. The research was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau from October to November 2019. The research used a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The given treatment was the nutrient concentration of AB Mix consisting of 5 levels: AB Mix 1000 ppm, AB Mix 1200 ppm, AB Mix 1400 ppm, AB Mix 1600 ppm, and AB Mix 1800 ppm. The parameters observed were plant height, leaf number, leaf area, root volume, plant fresh weight, and worthy weight consumption. The result showed that all the given treatments did not have significant towards all parameters. The concentration of 1000 ppm is the best concentration of some else, because more efficient, economic and saves the solution uses of nutrien in concentration. Based on the results of a study that has been conducted, to gain growth and the results of white pakcoy plant are both hydroponic can usea concentration of AB Mix 1000 ppm.

The important part of cassava root is starch which is probably controlled by starch synthase type IV (SSIV) gene. The information of micro nutrient and harvest age related to the activity starch synthase type IV (SSIV) gene is still very rare. The objectives of this study were to evaluate root fresh weight of cassava, to compare yield of storage root, and to evaluate the activity of starch synthase type IV (SSIV) gene by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) applied by micro nutrient fertilizer. Treatments were arranged by factorial (3 × 3) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications used as block. The first factor was three different dosages of micro nutrient fertilizer as 0, 20, and 40 kg/ha. The second factor was harvest ages as 7, 8, and 10 months after planting (MAP). The micro nutrient fertilizer mainly contents of 5,888 ppm Fe and 1,368 ppm Zn. Variables were leaf number (LN), leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), stem fresh weight (SFW), stem dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), skin root fresh weight (SRFW), skin root dry weight (SRDW), starch content, and activity of SSIV gene. The result showed that RDW of cassava applied by 40 kg micro nutrient/ha was significantly increased at 10 MAP. The increase in RDW was due to mainly high SSIV gene activity. Additionally, the SSIV gene activity caused by 20 kg micro nutrient/ha treatment showed almost as twice as those by 40 kg micro nutrient/ha. Keywords: Real-time PCR, Root dry weight, Root yield, Starch, Stem dry weight

Indigofera sp. merupakan tanaman bergenus legum yang bermanfaat sebagai pakan hjiauan ternak dan sebagai penutup tanah. Kandungan 24,57% protein kasar, 90,68% bahan organik, 36,72% NDF (Neutral Detergen Fiber), 0,83% fosfor, dan 1,23% kalsium dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pakan ternak. Sebagai penutup tanah, Indigofera sp. dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk hijau, mulsa, memperbaiki sifat fisik dan biologi tanah, mengendalikan gulma, menekan penggunaan herbisida, dan meningkatkan kesuburan tanah. Perbanyakan tanaman menggunakan biji sulit dilakukan karena struktur bijinya keras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi IBA dan jumlah mata tunas yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan setek Indigofera sp. Penelitian telah dilakukan bulan April – Mei 2019 di Laboratorium Lapangan Terpadu Universitas Lampung. Perlakuan adalah konsetrasi IBA (0, 500, 1000, 1500, dan 2000 ppm) dan jumlah mata tunas (1, 2, dan 3 mata tunas). Perlakuan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial terdiri dari 15 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi IBA dan jumlah mata tunas berpengaruh nyata, sedangkan interaksi IBA dengan jumlah mata tunas tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan setek Indigofera sp. Konsentrasi IBA 500 ppm menghasilkan pengaruh perlakuan terbaik pada persentase setek berakar, panjang akar primer, jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, dan bobot segar tunas umur 6 minggu setelah tanam (MST).  Setek 3 mata tunas menghasilkan perlakuan terbaik pada jumlah akar primer, panjang akar primer, bobot segar akar, bobot kering akar, jumlah daun, jumlah tunas, panjang tunas, bobot segar tunas, bobot kering tunas umur 6 dan 8 MST.

One of the main oil palm seed dormancy factors is the shell thickness. This could influence the germination homogeneity and required more time for oil palm seeds to germinate evenly. There will be such alternatives to improve oil palm seed germination as shell-less oil palm seeds or kernels which were soaked at different duration time and GA3 concentration. The objectives of this research was to evaluate germination rate of kernels under different soaking time and GA3 concentration. This study was conducted on Laboratory Plants Seed and Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Lampung from June 2019 to September 2019. Treatment was arranged by factorial (6x3) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The first factors were the six different concentrations of GA3 hormones as 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The second factors were the three different soaking duration as 3, 7, and 10 days. The variables observed were the percentage of germination, the maximum growth potential, early time of germination, germination rate, dormancy intensity, radicle and plumule lengths. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then different mean values of treatments were analyzed by 5% of LSD using the SAS software application (version 9.4). The results showed that the concentration of 200 ppm GA3 resulting in low dormancy intensity (12.22%), increasing potency maximum growth (87.78%), and kernels germination rate (8.44%/etmal) compared with a concentration of 0 ppm GA3. Soaking duration of GA3 10 days resulted in low dormancy intensity (17.22%), the percentage of germination increased (23.33%), the maximum growth potential increased (78.89%), the kernel germination rate (8.94%/etmal), radicle length (2.00cm), plumule length (1.92cm), and early time of germination (4.61days) compared to the length of soaking duration of 3 days.

Waxy cassava having high amylopectin content could contribute and increase genetic background. Unfortunately, the genetic parameter information of three elite cassava clones as Waxy, UJ-5, and BW-1 is still limited. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate leaf weight and yield by correlation and path analysis of three cassava clones. This study was conducted on the Integrated Field Lab of Lampung from December 2019 to October 2020. Treatment was arranged by a single factor in RCBD with two replications. There were three cassava genotype clones, as Waxy, UJ-5 (originally Kasetsart), and BW-1 (originally Huay Bong-60). Genetics parameters were analysed by using Minitab programs (Version 17). Variables observed were plant height (PH), total leaf number (TLN), tuber number (TN), tuber fresh weight (TFW), tuber dry weight (TDW), attached leaf dry weight (ALDW), stem dry weight (SDW), petiole dry weight (PDW), starch weight (SW), and harvest index (HI). These variables were observed and measured at 10 months after planting (MAP) on one tree. The results showed that attached leaf dry weight has direct effect of 1.16 on starch weight with correlation coefficient of 0.58. It was recommended to select a criterion for high yielding of elite clones based on high attached leaf dry weight.