Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Risk assessment is one of the main services delivered by cancer clinics. Biomarker analysis on different tissues including the peripheral blood can provide crucial information. One of the potential epigenetic biomarkers (epimarkers) is introduced as the peripheral blood DNA methylation pattern. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential value of peripheral blood epimarkers as an accessible tool to predict the risk of breast cancer development. WBC's DNA was the focus of several case-control studies at both genome wide and candidate gene levels to reveal epigenetic changes accounting for predisposition to breast cancer, leading to suggest that ATM, TITF1, SFRP1, NUP155, NEUROD1, ZNF217, DBC2, DOK7 and ESR1 genes and the LINE1, Alu and Sat2 DNA elements could be considered as the potential epimarkers. To address that by which mechanisms WBC's DNA methylation patterns could be linked to the propensity to breast cancer, several contemplations have been offered. Constitutional epimutation during embryonic life, and methylation changes secondary to either environmental exposures or tumor-mediated immune response, are the two main mechanisms. One can deduce that epimarkers based on their potential properties or regulatory impacts on cancer-related genes may be employed for risk prediction, prognosis, and survival inferences that are highly required for breast cancer management toward personalized medicine.
Background: Despite the recommendations to follow guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19, different communities do not completely adhere to these guidelines. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of the adherence of the people of Sanandaj to the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. Materials & Methods: The present study was a qualitative content analysis study conducted in 2020. A purposive sampling method among the residents of Sanandaj, Iran was applied and continued until data saturation was achieved. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. A verbatim transcription of interviews was analyzed through qualitative conventional content analysis. Results: Participants included 12 men and 8 women. Data analysis yielded 8 categories and 26 sub-categories regarding the barriers and facilitators of the participants’ adherence to the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. The barriers included myths, being under pressure, and letting and facilitators included awareness, fear, commitment, unity against the disease, and warnings. Conclusion: According to the findings, it is necessary to correct people’s beliefs, support them, and continue to make them informed about the disease. Increasing awareness and commitment, strengthening the spirit of unity among people, and increasing the level of warnings can be effective in increasing adherence of people to the COVID-19 prevention guidelines.
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