Activation of caspase, externalization of phosphatidyl serine, change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA fragmentation are apoptosis markers found in human ejaculated spermatozoa. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the different types of male infertility. In this review, data sources including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched for publications with no particular time restriction to get a holistic and comprehensive view of the research. Apoptosis regulates the male germ cells, correct function and development from the early embryonic stages of gonadal differentiation to fertilization. In addition to maintaining a reasonable ratio between the Sertoli and germ cells, apoptosis is one of the well-known quality control mechanisms in the testis. Also, high ROS levels cause a heightened and dysregulated apoptotic response. Apoptosis is one of the well-known mechanisms of quality control in the testis. Nevertheless, increased apoptosis may have adverse effects on sperm production. Recent studies have shown that ROS and the consequent oxidative stress play a crucial role in apoptosis. This review aims to assimilate and summarize recent findings on the apoptosis in male reproduction and fertility. Also, this review discusses the update on the role of ROS in normal sperm function to guide future research in this area. Key words: Fertility, Spermatogonia, Apoptosis, Reproduction, DNA fragmentation, DNA integrity, ROS.
Cancer is one of the deadly diseases leading to approximately 7.6 million deaths worldwide, with the mortality rate of 13%, and the number of deaths is expected to increase to 13.1 million within the next 10 years. In controlled drug delivery systems (DDS), the drug is transported to the desired location. Thus, the influence of drugs on vital tissues and undesirable side effects can be minimised. Additionally, DDS protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and enhances drug concentration in target tissues, and therefore, minimise the required dose of drug. This modern form of therapy is particularly important when there is a discrepancy between the dose and concentration of a drug. Cell-specific targeting can be achieved by attaching drugs to individually designed carriers. Recent developments in nanotechnology have shown that nanoparticles (particles with diameter < 100 nm in at least one dimension) have great potential as drug carriers. Because of their small size, these nanostructures exhibit unique physicochemical and biological properties that make them a favourable material for biomedical applications. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to describe the importance and types of nanomedicines and efficient ways in which new drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer can be developed.
ABSTRACTin turn, triggers free radical formation and multiple pathways leading to the initiation of apoptotic-like damage (1,5). Therefore, glutamate excitotoxicity is an attractive therapeutic target for attenuation of neural tissue damage (13,32). Hence, NMDA receptor antagonists could potentially provide neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative diseases manifesting excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors, including stroke, nerve injury and neuropathic pain syndromes (2,21). However, attempts to use potent competitive NMDA receptor antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side effects in patients (42).Memantine is a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and is capable of blocking excitotoxicity (12). This drug only reduces excessive NMDA receptor activation when it is pathologically activated for long █ INTRODUCTION P eripheral nerves injuries result in loss of motor, sensory and autonomic function of the affected nerves. Spinal neural circuits undergo continuous functional and structural changes in response to a peripheral nerve injury (2). Some recent studies show that glutamate receptors may be involved in sensory and motor neuron apoptosis following severe nerve injury in rats (14,17,25,50). Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Neural trauma triggers massive release of glutamate from injured cells (2). Overactivation of the N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor subtype can result in a process called excitotoxicity that leads to cell death (20,32). Excitotoxicity is due to excessive calcium ion influx which, AIm: Following severe peripheral nerve injury (PNI), regeneration is often insufficient and functional recovery is incomplete. In this regard, glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist such as Memantine have been shown to have neuroprotective effects. We evaluated the effects of Memantine against sciatic nerve crush injury in male Wistar Rats. mATERIAl and mEThODS: Memantine or vehicle was given parenteraly to rats for 7 days postoperative. In Memantine treatment groups, a single dose of agent (5 and 10 mg/kg) was administered daily. The control group was given vehicle in the same manner. The rats were subjected to crush injury in the left sciatic nerve with non-serrated clamp for 30 seconds. Behavioural, electrophysiological and morphological alterations were evaluated during the experimental period. RESUlTS:Results showed that Memantine has no significant effect on regeneration process rate and functional recovery quality. In the sciatic functional index (SFI) test no significant difference was observed between Memantine treatment groups (5 and 10 mg/ kg) at any week. CONClUSION:Since the major neuroprotective effect of Memantine is due to its protective activity against NMDA receptormediated excitotoxicity, it seems that glutamate excitotoxicity is less important in motor impairment due to sciatic nerve crush injury. It is clear that more research is needed to confirm these findin...
Background: Peripheral nervous system injuries are common and currently have no definitive treatment method. Phenytoin is one of the main antiepileptic drugs. Some studies have described a cerebroprotective effect of phenytoin in an established model of global cerebral ischemia. Objectives: In this study, the neuroprotective effects of phenytoin were evaluated on the cultivation and maintenance of Wharton’s jelly stem cells (WJSCs) on acellularized sciatic nerve scaffolds. Methods: In this study, acellular scaffolds from the rat sciatic nerve were prepared by the sondell method. After extraction of cells of MSCs, flow cytometry analysis was executed. Also, cell differentiation potential was evaluated by placement in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation media for 21 days. Biocompatibility of the scaffold and cell viability were investigated using the MTT assay. The morphological and cell adhesion characteristics of MSCs on acellular scaffolds were compared using SEM micrographs images. Data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test by SPSS (version 19.0) software. Results: The removal of cells from the scaffold was confirmed by stanning with hematoxylin-eosin, van Gieson's picro-fuchsin, and DAPI. With the aid of flow cytometry analysis and differentiation into bone and fat cells, it was confirmed that extracted cells were mesenchymal stem cells. The results of the MTT assay showed that phenytoin increased cell viability and retention on the scaffold. Conclusions: The study indicated that phenytoin improves the viability of cells and provided a good condition for the growth, survival, and attachment of cells to the scaffold when compared to the control group. These results suggest that phenytoin can be considered a new treatment for nerve regeneration and tissue engineering applications.
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