Importance of Nano Medicine and New Drug Therapies for Cancer

Abstract

Cancer is one of the deadly diseases leading to approximately 7.6 million deaths worldwide, with the mortality rate of 13%, and the number of deaths is expected to increase to 13.1 million within the next 10 years. In controlled drug delivery systems (DDS), the drug is transported to the desired location. Thus, the influence of drugs on vital tissues and undesirable side effects can be minimised. Additionally, DDS protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and enhances drug concentration in target tissues, and therefore, minimise the required dose of drug. This modern form of therapy is particularly important when there is a discrepancy between the dose and concentration of a drug. Cell-specific targeting can be achieved by attaching drugs to individually designed carriers. Recent developments in nanotechnology have shown that nanoparticles (particles with diameter < 100 nm in at least one dimension) have great potential as drug carriers. Because of their small size, these nanostructures exhibit unique physicochemical and biological properties that make them a favourable material for biomedical applications. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to describe the importance and types of nanomedicines and efficient ways in which new drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer can be developed.

Low-density lipoprotein encapsulated thiosemicarbazone metal complexes is active targeting vehicle for breast, lung, and prostate cancers

“…Based on that, thiosemicarbazone agents were used as our anticancer agent, and the size of its metal-ligand complexes was measured by a Zeta sizer and the diameter was in the nanometer levels. It is known that the small nanoparticles exhibit important physicochemical and biological properties and benefit nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer (Abdolmaleki et al., 2020 ). This step was followed by the encapsulation strategy of the anticancer agents into LDL particles, which also were in the nano levels.…”

Potential of nanoformulations in malaria treatment

“…A considerable improvement in the pharmacokinetics and efficiency of the encapsulated nano drug was observed compared with that of the encapsulated free drug (Abdolmaleki et al, 2021;Biosca et al, 2021). Critical studies based on nanotechnology for the development of antimalarial drugs are aimed to solve key problem in malaria treatment, such as disease severity, and are focused on reduced level of drug toxicity, interruption of transmission of Plasmodium sp, increased efficacy of drugs, and mainly, combating multidrug resistance (Manconi et al, 2019;Nnamani et al, 2021).…”

“…Despite considerable volume of studies based on nanotechnology application for the treatment of malaria, it is possible to perceive a difference between the number of preclinical and clinical studies, which are lower. Preclinical studies that employ nanoparticles in other diseases, such as cancer, tumors, and Alzheimer’s disease, present more signifying results and often involve theranostic nanomedicine ( Gandhi et al, 2020 ; Abdolmaleki et al, 2021 ). High cost of preparation, drug administration routes, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and interaction with biological components are some critical issues to be resolved to contemplate the success of new nanotechnological strategies for the treatment of malaria ( Apolinário et al, 2020 ; Rashidzadeh et al, 2021 ).…”

Microfluidics Technology for the Design and Formulation of Nanomedicines

“…DDS can also keep the drug away from the accelerated degradation or clearance by increasing the drug concentration at the target tissue. Lower doses of the drug are therefore needed, potentially leading to reduced manufacturing costs [13]. It is essential to apply this modern therapy mode when the relationship is discrepant between the drug dose or concentration and the therapeutic effect or toxicity.…”