Table 2. Mycotoxins Produced by Aspergillus sp. fungus mycotoxin produced Aspergillus aculeatus Secalonic acid D (10) Aspergillus albertensis Ochratoxin A (7), Ochratoxin B (155) Aspergillus alliaceus Ochratoxin A (7), Ochratoxin B (155) Aspergillus auricomus Ochratoxin A (7), Ochratoxin B (155) Aspergillus bombycis Aflatoxin B 1 (1), Aflatoxin G (13) Aspergillus breVipes Viriditoxin Aspergillus caespitosus Fumitremorgin A Aspergillus candidus Citrinin (2), Acetylisoneosolaniol Aspergillus carneus Citrinin (2) Aspergillus claVatus Patulin (3), Tryptoquivaline A (C), Cytochalasin E (443) Aspergillus flaVipes Citrinin (2) Aspergillus flaVus Aflatoxin B 1 (1), Aflatoxin B 2 (15), Aflatoxin M 1 (12), Cyclopiazonic acid, Aflatrem (indole alkaloid), 3-Nitropropionic acid, Sterigmatocystin (62), Versicolorin A (597), Aspertoxin Aspergillus fresenii Xanthomegnin (591) Aspergillus fumigatus Fumitremorgin A, Verruculogen (543), Gliotoxin (527), Fumagillin, Helvolic acid, Sphingofungins, Brevianamide A (545), Phthioic acid, Fumigaclavin C, Aurasperone C Aspergillus giganteus Patulin (3) Aspergillus melleus Ochratoxin A (7), Viomellein, Xanthomegnin (591) Aspergillus microcysticus Aspochalasin Aspergillus nidulans (Emericella nidulans) Sterigmatocystin (62), Dechloronidulin, Emestrin Aspergillus niger Malformin, Ochratoxin A (7), Fumonisin B 2 (5) Aspergillus nomius Aflatoxin B 1 (1), Aflatoxin B 2 (15), Aflatoxin G 1 (13), Aflatoxin G 2 (19) Aspergillus ochraceoroseus Aflatoxin B 1 (1), Sterigmatocystin (62) Aspergillus ochraceus Ochratoxin A (7), Ochratoxin B (155), Ochratoxin C (156), Viomellein, Penicillic acid (187) Aspergillus oryzae Cyclopiazonic acid, Maltoryzine, 3-Nitropropionic acid Aspergillus ostianus Ochratoxin A (7) Aspergillus parasiticus Aflatoxin B 1 (1), Aflatoxin B 2 (15), Aflatoxin G 1 (13), Aflatoxin G 2 (19), Aflatoxin M 1 (12), Versicolorin A (597) Aspergillus petrakii Ochratoxin A (7) Aspergillus pseudotamarii Cyclopiazonic acid, Aflatoxin B 1 (1) Aspergillus restrictus Restrictocin Aspergillus sclerotiorum Ochratoxin B (155) Aspergillus sulfureus Ochratoxin A (7), Ochratoxin B (155)

Cumulative evidence strongly supports that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a pathogenic molecule when it is up-dysregulated, emerging as an important therapeutic target in severe unmet human diseases. GSK-3 specific inhibitors might be promising effective drugs for the treatment of devastating pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and mood disorders. As GSK-3 has the ability to phosphorylate primed substrates, small molecules able to bind to this site should be perfect drug candidates, able to partially block the activity of the enzyme over some specific substrates. Here, we report substituted 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles as the first small molecules able to inhibit GSK-3 in a substrate competitive manner. These compounds are cell permeable, able to decrease inflammatory activation and to selectively differentiate neural stem cells. Overall, 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles are presented here as new molecules able to decrease neuronal cell death and to increase endogenous neurogenesis blocking the GSK-3 substrate site.

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