The recent advancement in genome sequencing facilities, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of eukaryotes have opened door for employment of molecular diagnostic techniques for early detection of parasites and determining target molecules for formulating control strategies. It further leads to the introduction of several purified vaccines in the field of veterinary parasitology. Earlier, the conventional diagnostic methods was entirely based upon morphological taxonomy for diagnosis of parasites but nowadays improved molecular techniques help in phylogenetic study and open an another area of molecular taxonomy of parasites with high precision. Control measures based upon targeting endosymbionts in parasites like Dirofilaria immitis is also under exploration in veterinary parasitology. Metagenomics have added an inside story of parasites bionomics which have created havoc in human and animals population since centuries. Omics era is playing a key role in opening the new approaches on parasite biology. Various newer generations of safer vaccines like edible vaccines and subunit vaccines and diagnostic techniques based upon purified immunologically active epitopes have become commercially available against the parasites (helminths, protozoa and arthropod borne diseases). Nowadays, a transgenic and gene knock out studies using RNA interference and CRISPR are also helping in understanding the functions of genes and screening of target genes, which are not available before the advent of molecular tools. Molecular techniques had paramount impact on increasing the sensitivity of diagnostic tools, epidemiological studies and more importantly in controlling these diseases. This review is about the advancements in veterinary parasitology and their impact on the control of these pathogens.

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Background: Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a saprophyte widely distributed in soil. The major mode of transmission is through skin inoculation; inhalation and ingestion. Clinical presentation can mimic any tropical infectious disease and varied from pyrexia of unknown origin to septicaemia.Here, we present a series of 4 cases of melioidosis with different clinical presentation from March 2019 to August 2019.Case Description: CASE 1: 50 y diabetic male presented with fever and pain in left hypochondrium for 5 d. Routine investigations with ultrasonography of abdomen reveals neutrophilic leukocytosis and multiple splenic abscess with minimal perisplenic fluid. Culture of splenic abscess aspirate yielded Burkholderia pseudomallei.CASE 2: 73 y diabetic male presented with low grade fever for 3 m with unremarkable clinical finding. Routine investigation showed only neutrophilic leukocytosis and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Computed tomography scan of thorax showed few precarinal, paratracheal and paraesophageal lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of lymph node showed positive culture for Burkholderia pseudomallei and negative for acd fast bacilli, CBNAAT. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme and calcium levels were normal.CASE 3: 32 y old diabetic male presented with high grade fever and right sided pleuritic chest pain for one m. Detailed clinical evaluation revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, right pleural effusion with blood and pleural fluid culture positive for Burkholderia pseudomallei.CASE 4: 55 y diabetic male presented with fever and swelling of right knee and left ankle joint for one m. Magnetic resonance imaging of affected joints showed mild effusion with underlying osteomyelitis. Blood and joint fluid aspirate culture showed Burkholderia pseudomallei.All the patients were treated as per the standard treatment protocol and improved.Discussion: As evident from the above cases, presentation of melioidosis can mimic any systemic infection. The most common risk factor is diabetes and male are more prone probably due to more outdoor activity. Conclusion:Though incidence of melioidosis is significant, the underdiagnosis of the same is a major concern in the south east Asia region. High level of suspicion, early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy can decrease the morbidity and mortality of the disease.

Present investigation was carried out to standardize the immunization dose of one recombinant antigen in rat model before conducting large animal experimentation. Tropomyosin (TPM), a muscle associated and highly conserved protein found in all species of invertebrates, was cloned, expressed in prokaryotic system and the downstream process was standardized. SDS-PAGE analysis showed a distinct band of approximately 51 kDa Western blot analysis using specific sera gave a strong reaction of approximately the same size as that of SDSPAGE. For standardization of immunization dose, the rTPM at three different dosages viz., 150, 300, 450 μg was used to immunize wister rats and the antibody response was titrated by ELISA. Applying ANOVA, highly significantdifference in anti-rTPM titre was recorded between the animals injected with 300 μg total dose (TD) and other dosages selected for the study. The significantly high antibody tire at 1:25600 dilution observed in animals immunized with 300 μg TD was selected for further study on in vivo immunization of calves and experimental challenge by the tick stages.

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