Road infrastructure in Indonesia is mainly dominated by flexible pavement type. Its construction process, however, has raised concerns in terms of its environment impacts. This study aims to track and measure the carbon footprint of flexible pavement. The objectives are to map the construction process in relation to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to quantify them in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) as generated by the process of production and transportation of raw materials, and the operation of plant off-site and on-site project. Data collection was done by having site observations and interviews with project stakeholders. The results show a total emissions of 70.888 tonnes CO2e, consisting of 34.248 tonnes CO2e (48.31%) off-site activities and 36.640 tonnes CO2e (51.687%) on-site activities. The two highest CO2e emissions were generated by the use of plant for asphalt concrete laying activities accounted 34.827 tonnes CO2e (49.130%), and material transportation accounted 24.921 (35.155%). These findings provide a new perspective of the carbon footprint in flexible pavement and suggest the urgent need for the use of more efficient and environmentally friendly plant in construction process as it shows the most significant contribution on the CO2e. This study provides valuable understanding on the environmental impact of typical flexible pavement projects in Indonesia, and further can be used for developing green road framework.
All construction activities will inevitably produce CO2 emissions from the production process of materials, transportation, the usage of plant and equipment, the construction process, up to building demolition. Therefore, it is very important to understand the construction process and the amount of CO2 emissions released at each stage of the construction process. This research aims to estimate the amount of CO2 emissions during the construction process of a rigid pavement project. Data collection is done by observing rigid pavement of Palur Flyover project as a case study. The results show the total CO2 emissions during the construction process equals 92.901 tonnes CO2e, consisting of 91.334 tonnes CO2e (98.3%) of off-site activities, and 1.567 tonnes CO2e (1.7%) of on-site activities. The highest emission from off-site activities coming from material production of cement and steel rebars of 88.166 tonnes CO2e (94.9%), and the material transportation process of 3.168 tonnes CO2e (3.4%). This research shows that off-site construction activities, i.e. material production and transportation significantly influence the extent of CO2 emissions in this rigid pavement project. Therefore, it is recommended that strategic efforts for reducing the CO2 emissions of other typical rigid pavement projects should focus on these two.
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